Have u done a post on anatomy of swordfight? Or like weapons in general. I have a lot of different weapons planned out: bow, different types of swords, daggers, shields, spears, etc. I can't find a single proper guide explaining how to write fight scenes for these that make sense.
The Anatomy of Writing a Sword Fight
Thank you for the ask! I really love your ideas/reqs and will be making at least 2 more blogs as a reply to this ask (that will cover bows etc). For now I've gone with swordfights.
This guide dives into the technical aspects of sword fighting—from the types of swords and injuries to the medical realities of treating these wounds.
My long-form posts are usually filled with long detailed paras but this time I wanted to focus more on the 'facts' and had a lot of things to cover so I stuck to concise pointers for each area. That being said, feel free to ask follow-up questions if needed!
Firstly, here's a quick breakdown on the types of swords and their impact on injuries
Longswords
Longswords are double-edged, straight blades often used with two hands. They cause deep slashes capable of severing muscles and tendons, and thrusts that can puncture organs or arteries. Heavy blows can also break bones.
Rapiers
Rapiers are thin, pointed blades designed for thrusting. They cause precise punctures targeting vital organs or arteries. Less effective for slashing but deadly in skilled hands.
Katanas
Katanas are curved, single-edged blades optimized for slicing. Their shape allows for those gory slashes that can amputate limbs or expose bones. Thrusts can also be fatal.
Sabers
A saber is a curved blade with one sharp edge, typically used on horseback. These blades are designed for slashing, often causing wide, shallow wounds.
Short Swords and Daggers
Smaller blades that are used for close combat can sometimes fall under the sword umbrella based on their shape and length. A Jambiya for example is categorised as a 'short sword'. These work for deep puncture wounds in tight quarters. Can sever arteries or puncture the heart or lungs.
In short, the design influences the wounds. Remember:
Straight blades are versatile, causing both slashes and thrusts.
Curved blades focus on slicing, leaving gaping wounds.
Thin blades like rapiers target precision strikes to critical areas.
As mentioned above I'm trying to cut to the chase with this blog so for each injury type, I've covered what I think are the key points. These are the appearance, severity, blood loss caused by this type of wound, and pain levels. I think these four basically cover everything a writer needs to know when picking their poison.
Appearance: Long, open cuts with jagged or clean edges depending on the blade.
Severity: Superficial slashes may damage only the skin and fat layers, but deeper cuts sever muscles, tendons, and even arteries.
Blood Loss: Significant, especially if major arteries like the femoral (thigh) or brachial (arm) are cut.
Pain: Immediate burning or stinging, with sharp increases if nerves are involved.
Appearance: Small entry wounds but potentially deep and catastrophic internal damage.
Severity: Can puncture vital organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, or intestines.
Blood Loss: Often internal, leading to hidden dangers like haemorrhaging or collapsed lungs.
Pain: Stabbing pains that radiate outward, especially if organs are pierced.
Appearance: Bruising, swelling, or fractures from strikes with the flat side or hilt.
Severity: Can lead to broken bones, ruptured vessels, or concussions.
Blood Loss: Minimal unless skin is broken.
Pain: Deep aches or sharp, localized pain from fractures.
Assessing the Severity of Wounds
When assessing the severity of a wound, there are a few important things to keep in mind. To make it easier, I've put together a quick checklist to help you out.
Location: Wounds to the head, neck, or chest are often life-threatening. Injuries to limbs are less fatal but can lead to significant blood loss.
Depth: Shallow cuts are often cosmetic but painful. Deep wounds risk severing arteries, damaging organs, or causing fractures.
Angle: Oblique cuts may glance off bones or armor. Direct thrusts to unprotected areas are far more dangerous.
What Happens When Each Area is Wounded
It's kind of a given that each area of the body is different and would thus cause different reactions when pierced. While many writers stick to the 'blood dripping from the mouth, hand desperately clutching the wound' look, I think it's a good idea to consider the medicinal side of your injuries.
Are there arteries in this area? Vital organs? Muscle and tissue? Here's a quick breakdown of those questions (no I haven’t mentioned every area or organ of the body):
Forearms and Upper Arms: Severing the brachial artery results in rapid blood loss. Cuts to tendons disable grip strength or arm movement.
Thighs: The femoral artery is a critical target. Damage here leads to exsanguination within minutes if untreated.
Calves and Feet: While less life-threatening, injuries here severely limit mobility and can cause nerve damage leading to paralysis.
Liver: Heavy bleeding due to its vascularity. Potentially fatal without intervention.
Stomach: Leakage of acidic contents causes severe internal infections.
Intestines: Punctures lead to sepsis from spilled waste material.
Kidneys: Severe back pain and rapid blood loss from renal artery damage.
Lungs: Punctures cause pneumothorax (collapsed lung), leading to difficulty breathing and chest pain.
Heart: Even small cuts are often fatal due to rapid blood loss and cardiac tamponade (fluid pressure around the heart).
Ribs: Fractures can puncture lungs or other organs.
Jugular Vein or Carotid Artery: Severing either leads to death in under two minutes from blood loss.
Trachea: Obstruction causes immediate respiratory distress.
Spinal Cord: Severance leads to paralysis or death.
Spinal Cord: Injuries vary from numbness to total paralysis depending on the location.
Kidneys: Vulnerable to back stabs; severe bleeding and pain radiating to the abdomen.
Cheeks: Slashes leave disfiguring scars but are rarely fatal.
Eyes: Punctures result in blindness and intense pain.
Skull: Blunt force may cause concussions or fractures; penetrating wounds can be fatal if they reach the brain.
Treating Sword Fight Injuries
In the chaos of a sword fight, providing immediate care can mean the difference between life and death. The first priority is to stop the bleeding. For deep cuts or arterial wounds, use a clean cloth or pressure bandage to compress the injury. If the bleeding doesn’t subside, especially in limb injuries, apply a tourniquet above the wound, ensuring it’s tight enough to restrict blood flow without causing further damage.
Once bleeding is controlled, stabilize the victim. Immobilize fractures with makeshift splints, and in cases of suspected spinal injuries, avoid moving the victim unnecessarily to prevent exacerbating the damage. Finally, cleaning the wound is critical to minimize infection risks. Remove debris carefully and irrigate the wound with clean water if possible. Though battlefield medicine is rudimentary, these steps provide a fighting chance for survival.
Also, one thing people forget to go over is temperature. Keeping the victim warm is essential, as blood loss can lead to hypovolemic shock, which compromises the body’s ability to circulate oxygen.
Historical vs. Modern Treatment
The approach to sword fight injuries varies dramatically between historical and modern contexts. While I can’t completely break down the differences, here’s (what I hope) is a quick overview that will aid in your research.
Historically, treating wounds was rudimentary at best. Herbal poultices were applied to reduce inflammation, and cauterization—burning the wound to seal it—was a common but agonizing method to prevent bleeding and infection. Stitching techniques were crude, and the lack of sterilization meant infections like sepsis or gangrene were often fatal.
Fret not, modern medicine offers a more hopeful prognosis. Sterile wound care, antibiotics, and surgical interventions allow for precise repairs to severed arteries, muscles, or organs. Advanced imaging technology can assess internal injuries, while blood transfusions and IV fluids combat shock effectively.
This just underscores how important it is for writers to consider what timeline their story is set in. Sorry but your medieval prince won’t just have a full recovery after suffering a brutal gash, especially not if his only source of medicine was love interest’s xyz solution. Infections are a very real issue. In fact, most deaths during that time were due to infection. Do your research.
The Psychological Aftermath
The aftermath of surviving a sword fight extends far beyond physical wounds, leaving lasting emotional and psychological scars. Many survivors experience trauma or PTSD, manifesting as flashbacks to the battle, vivid nightmares, or an overwhelming sense of anxiety, especially in situations that trigger memories of the fight. I would absolutely love to see people incorporate this in their writing! If your modern OCs can get flashbacks and nightmares after a single gun altercation what makes you think the medieval ones won’t experience something similar?
Survivor’s guilt is another common burden, particularly if the character witnessed comrades die or was forced to make life-and-death decisions during combat. These emotional struggles can deeply shape their personality, making them more cautious, resentful, or even vengeful. Villain arc here we come!
One thing to remember; physical limitations compound the psychological toll. Permanent injuries like chronic pain, reduced mobility, or disfigurement can remind a character daily of their ordeal, influencing how they interact with others and navigate the world.
As a writer it’s important to take recovery into account. Exploring these aspects adds depth to the character’s recovery arc, making their journey more relatable and human.
Remember folks; a sword fight isn’t just a moment of action—it’s a fight as brutal and dangerous as any knife or gun altercation you can think of (if not worse).
To end this blog, here are my (and various Google articles’) two cents on what you should be focusing on/keeping in mind during a swordfight.
Writing a compelling sword fight requires balancing technical accuracy with emotional resonance. Pacing is key: alternate between rapid exchanges of blows and brief pauses to allow tension to build. These pauses provide an opportunity to describe a character’s thoughts, pain, or strategic planning.
Sensory details bring the scene to life—capture the sharp clash of steel, the metallic tang of blood in the air, the searing pain of a wound, and the slickness of a sweat-soaked grip on a sword hilt.
Focus on the characters themselves to make the scene more engaging. Highlight their emotions, such as fear, determination, or desperation, alongside the physical toll of the fight. Show how fatigue sets in, how their breathing becomes labored, and how every swing of the blade drains their strength.
Injuries should be portrayed realistically; instead of dismissing wounds as minor setbacks, use them to heighten tension. A cut to the leg might slow a character’s movements, while a stab to the shoulder could make wielding their weapon excruciating.
Balancing these elements ensures your fight scenes are not only thrilling but also grounded in a visceral reality.
"The Book of the Sword" by Richard Francis Burton
"Medieval Swordsmanship" by John Clements
YouTube channels like "Skallagrim" and "Scholagladiatoria" for sword reviews and techniques.They’re very helpful for all sorts of weapons actually so OP I think you should consider stalking their channels you’d find a TON of info (I get most of mine from them lol).
I don’t have any precise ones but to boost your research consider medical journals on trauma and wound care. Oh and historical accounts of duels and battles.
