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In South Slavic folklore, a vampire was believed to pass through several distinct stages in its development. The first 40 days were considered decisive for the making of a vampire; it started as an invisible shadow and then gradually gained strength from the lifeblood of the living, forming a (typically invisible) jelly-like, boneless mass, and eventually building up a human-like body nearly identical to the one the person had had in life. This development allowed the creature to ultimately leave its grave and begin a new life as a human.
The vampire, who was usually male, was also sexually active and could have children, either with his widow or a new wife. These could become vampires themselves, but could also have a special ability to see and kill vampires, allowing them to become vampire hunters.
In Southern Slavic folklore, Serbia is considered the birthplace of vampires. Not many Serbian words have become internationally recognized, but the one that has made quite an impact, as we all know the word โvampireโ (Serbian vampir). During the 18th century, Austrian officials noted that the Slavic population in the northern countryโs region of Vojvodina (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), was digging out and re-murdering cadavers, calling them โvampires.โ
The Bulgarian Bogomil Magi (upper clergy) produced apocrypha during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and these documents do give us some insight into the Bogomils' beliefs. God represents the Force of Creation, which is opposed by the equally powerful Force of Destruction.
Man avoids the forces of darkness through restoration through utilizing the four elements:ย bathing and washing; air (ventilation of the house and living outside); greeting the sun in the morning; and recognizing the celestial creations in the evening; and, of course, through the sermons of the church;
Burial of the dead takes place outside of the town and is done only during the evening after sunset or during the predawn hours;
It is forbidden to bring dead bodies into a church, because dead bodies belong to the Force of Destruction. (Perkowski)
Entrenched in the Bogomil belief system are the seeds for what eventually becomes modern vampire lore. Primarilyย that the early Slavs believedย that the body (as matter) is evil and representative of Satan while the soul is holy and deserving of reincarnation. It is easy to see how Bogomilisticย views on demonology combined withย the dualistic natures of the Force of Destruction and its need to destroy theย Force of Creation birthed the vampire. The continual battle between Destruction and Good can be encapsulatedย by a demon's ability to animateย a corpse that sucks the blood (i.e. life force) from a living person.
Pre-Christian practices on the Baltic coast are described by Helmold in hisย Chronicle of the Slavsย (1164-1168):
"... after the victim is felled the priest drinks of its blood in order to render himself more potent in the receiving of oracles. For it is the opinion of many that demons are very easily conjured with blood ... The Slavs too, have a strange delusion. At their feasts and carousals they pass about a bowl over which they utter words ... in the name of the gods ... of the good one, as well as the bad one--professing that all propitious fortune is arranged by the good god, adversity by the bad god.
If we take the association of corpses with evil forces (i.e. the Force of Destruction) and combine it with demons, which hound men and women in order to deplete them of their life force, we can easily see how mundane illnesses can be attributed to vampires. The killing of the vampire is also rooted in Bogomilistic beliefs. Since most medieval philosophies held thatย the head and the heart were the repositoriesย for a person's emotions and desires, it made perfect sense to pierce both the head and heart in order to curb the violent desire for destruction exhibited by the vampire. Cremation occurs in order to execute the "ultimate separation of elements belonging to the force of good and those belonging to the force of evil"ย