Sans titre

[medica2014]

What is hemoglobinopathy?

It is an abnormal hemoglobin synthesis which results in its gelation in the event of reduced pressure of oxygen and the loss of the deformation of the red blood cells leading to its shape and sickle vaso-occlusive phenomena explain the symptoms; bone or abdominal pain simulating a surgical emergency, biological and clinical kidney disease (hematuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome), priapism. The disease is moderate hemolytic anemia but with hyperactivity of the cord, where the risk of secondary deficiency.

What is hemoglobinopathy? via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1DxAMxN

[medica2014]

What is the aplastic?

Those are the deficits of production of blood cells in the hematopoietic bone marrow have a varied origin, often malignant. Their treatment is twofold: Symptomatic against the most visible consequences, the most troublesome, against etiological cause when possible.

What is the aplastic? via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1DxAOpk

[medica2014]

What is a muscle?

It is a contractile organ, allowing the turbulent and is involved in many internal structures of the body. Muscles are composed of bundles of contractile fibers. Smooth muscle of the visceral organs are distinguished, non-voluntary contraction, and skeletal muscle, which is skeletal muscle in relation to the bone, the contractions are volunteers. Heart muscle, or myocardium, it is of striated structure, but are involuntary contractions.

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[medica2014]

What is the heart?

It is a hollow muscle housed in the thorax, the engine circulation. It consists of two symmetrical parts each comprising an upper and a lower atrium ventricle. A contraction of the heart hunting venous blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle to the lungs. The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium into the left ventricle and out the aorta to irrigate the body. This circuit takes place about 70 times per minute in humans. The heart wall is made of an envelope or pericardium, a central muscle or myocardium, an inner membrane or endocardium.

What is the heart? via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1DxAOp9

[medica2014]

What do the kidneys?

A kidney is an organ which is located in the body in two, in the form of beans, which develop urine, are applied to the posterior abdominal wall of each side of the spine, the human kidney contains about one million nephrons, which are the functional elements.

What do the kidneys? via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1DxwiqV

[medica2014]

What is the spleen?

It is a spongy body, highly vascularized, located on the left side of the abdomen, below the diaphragm, which contributes to the development of red blood cells, and leukocytes.

What is the spleen? via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1aDk4l7

[medica2014]

Deafness

Deafness known as following: - Personal and family history - Development of deafness - Associated signs like: otological, vestibular, neurological - Practice otoscopy - Acoumetry (pitch) tests Rinne and Weber - Neurological and vestibular testing - Keynote tone audiometry; hearing thresholds of pure tone air and bone conduction - Speech audiometry - Impedance, tympanometry and acoustic reflex - Auditory evoked potentials: auditory thresholds of young children and sensorineural hearing loss    Sometimes specific pathologies of the middle ear is observed as otitis externa, foreign body in the ear canal, cap earwax. Also diseases of the middle ear as conductive hearing loss by blocking stapedo-vestibular progressing to the inner ear. As autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Reached the young woman, with advanced pregnancy.    The diagnosis shows an asymmetric bilateral deafness predominant transmission over the bass, improved noise with normal eardrums. The tympanogram is almost always normal; absence of acoustic reflex (sometimes incomplete blocking effect = on-iff). Note: There is no need to practice a CT scan in cases of otosciérose suspension, except to help diagnosis in case of surgical failure, or in any form endocochéaire exceptional.

Deafness vestibular testing, tympanogram, otitis externa, deafness, audiometry via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1IzOKSJ

[medica2014]

Dizziness of peripheral origin

The dizziness is an impression(printing) of rotation of the body in the space or the space with regard to(compared with) the body.For the balance: three sensory systems (vestibulaire, proprioceptif, picture), with numerous interconnections. Integration of the information by a central system (brainstem, cerebellum, cortex(cortices). For vertigo: inadequacy of information between the three sensory systems. The consequences are driving (hypotonia), oculomotor (nystagmus) and vegetative (vagal). Here one can speak of a central compensation: progressive learning dysfunction through Fourmies information by the vision and proprioception. It should also eliminate imbalances (central origin), unstable ground printing, seasick, drunk no real rotary printing. The clinical examination including otologic examination +++ otoscope acoumetry sign fistula (vertigo when the pressure on the tragus). The study of nystagmus; involuntary rhythmic oscillations of the eyes in two shakes: slow (vestibular origin), fast (booster) that defines the side of nystagmus. For neurological examination, there is a maneuver Romberg postural balance, the deviation of the index and the blind walk. For additional tests, there are two key tests: audiometry screening for hearing loss. The second consideration is the vestibular testing with nystagmography: energizing a semi-circulairepar caloric or rotational stimulation channel and then recording by videonystagmography nystagmus. Is made further examinations based on the suspected etiology. For treatment, the patient should be reassured sue character Benin dizzy, do a liberating maneuver Fremont (Hallpike maneuver for 4 minutes, then more abruptly put the patient in the lateral decubitus position on the opposite side for 4 minutes), prevent the risk side opposite the side to prevent the risk of recurrence.

Dizziness of peripheral origin cerebellum, dizziness, deviation, nystagmus, the risk of recurrence, lateral decubitus via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1IN8oHM

[medica2014]

Acute average otitis

 It is an infection of the cavities of the middle ear. It occurs most often between three and five years mos. Healing is spontaneous in 70% of cases. Antibiotic therapy: prevention of complications. After a viral nasopharyngitis (respiratory virus), the commençaix germs colonize the nasopharynx middle ear via the Eustachian tube. Before the age of three years, can be found Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes. The warning signs of otitis are fever, ear pain, hearing loss, purulent otorrhea. Infant atypical manifestations (digestive disorders) behavioral disorders, convulsions, lack of weight gain). The otoscopic examination shows otitis congestive eardrum end and pink and ditalés vessels. As a perforated ear infection that is to say, purulent otorrhea. In this disease one can speak of certain complications such as peripheral facial paralysis; it is frequent (1 \ 200 otitis), good prognosis. Also paracentesis with bacteriological sampling. Some short corticosteroid 48 h after adaptation of the antibiotic. Also as a complication of purulent pneumococcal meningitis especially infants one year. In addition, paracentesis with bacteriological sampling. The ear CT and brain research another complication intracranial, a malformation of the inner ear. Also another complication as acute mastoiditis, characterized by periosteal reactions, rash retroauricular painful. Acute mastoiditis is externalized fluctuating swelling filling the retroauricular sulcus paracentesis with bacteriological sampling. Here a puncture with bacteriological sampling is performed, a CT of the ear and brain. As a treatment can be given antibiotics. Supervision; neuro-meningeal signs, local state. Also mastoid surgery after 24-48 h of antibiotic therapy in case of acute mastoiditis externalized.

Acute average otitis infection, bacteriological sampling, acute mastoiditis, Antibiotic therapy, disorder, pneumococcal meningitis via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1OdE78u

[medica2014]

Acute dacryocystitis

   Acute dacryocystitis is fulminant acute infection of the lacrimal sac, usually staphylococci, occurring in case of obstruction of lacrimal. The infection progresses within hours with an inflammatory major distension of the lacrimal sac. It requires urgent treatment because it can spread quickly and cause orbital cellulitis. Or sepsis, especially in newborns and immunocompromised. Usually the causative organisms are staphylococci. Proper treatment is: - hospitalization - Removal of secretions to direct examination, culture and sensitivity, blood cultures.

Acute dacryocystitis infection, orbital cellulitis, lacrimal sac, inflammatory major distension, staphylococci, obstruction via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1FzidZs

[medica2014]

Retinal detachment

The  retinal detachment (CD) is a split between the pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina, often from a retinal tear. This tear is favored by myopia, aphakia or pseudophakia (eye without lens after cataract extraction), ocular trauma. The tear is manifested by the perception of light flashes (phosphères) that should alert and quickly lead to an eye examination. A black veil amputating the visual field, reduced visual acuity are the signs of DR constituted. For treatment, one can speak of a cure that is only surgical, it must be done quickly to avoid the extension of the detachment and the appearance of fibrous retractions vitreous (PVE: vitreoretinal proliferation). Reached a DR patient should be referred quickly to the posterior segment surgeon and have a preoperative assessment. It must be kept quiet to avoid further spread of the uprising. The surgery should be performed within 7 days, if the macula is still flat. It is performed under general or local anesthesia. For the simple DR, must be sealed tear reapplying both retina detached leaves. This is done mostly through the installation of a sciérale indentation. For DR complicated, it uses intraocular surgery, very sophisticated. We can also talk of preventive treatment; Laser photocoagulation of predisposing lesions before the stage of detachment. When the patient is seen at the stage of tear without peeling, tearing can be coagulated without surgery by laser photocoagulation. Hence the value of the systematic review of risk subjects (myopia, aphakic, DR contralateral eye trauma, family history of CD) once a year, in search of retinal tear that must be quickly process laser .

Retinal detachment extension, peeling, intraocular, vitreoretinal, retinal detachment, cataract via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1IpOWnB

[medica2014]

Infectious conjunctivitis

All infectious conjunctivitis, hygiene measures are essential to prevent contamination. Tips physician: - Wash your hands and disinfect equipment after each patient. - Wear gloves for the examination of any patient suspected of infectious conjunctivitis and use single-dose eye drops for further consideration. - Explain to the patient that the infectious conjunctivitis is highly contagious, and must apply strict hygiene measures to avoid passing his entourage +++ - Avoid touching or scratching her eyes - Make frequent hand washing, especially after contact with eyes (after putting eye drops). - Bathroom Affairs and personal linen (soap, towels, handkerchiefs, sheets, etc ...). - Consultation of loved ones if appearance similar symptoms. - Work stoppage discuss some trades (teachers, medical and paramedical staff) ...). - Prohibition of wearing contact lenses for the duration of the infection. - Do not stop treatment prematurely or decrease the dosage; put drops at least 6-8 times a day for 48 hours, then 4 times a day for long enough (spontaneously, patients tend to stop their treatment as soon as symptoms improve).

Infectious conjunctivitis conjunctivitis, contagious, patient, infectious via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1a1LVeb

[medica2014]

Infections transmitted by meat

Many infections can be transmitted to humans through meat; the risk is especially for those who buy meat from animals that have not gone through the slaughterhouse or which provide in dirty and badly kept butchers.    Tuberculosis primarily achieved oxen and especially impaired lactation cows. She reached high above animals in poorly lit and poorly ventilated stables, which promotes contagion; high grazing animals are less frequently affected. Pork is rarely contracted tuberculosis, but when it is hit, the condition is very serious and widespread, making the meat unfit for consumption, noted that the pig is sometimes contaminated with skim milk from dairies where the butter is prepared or whey dairies where there is a cheese factory. Horse, goat, sheep are rarely tuberculosis.     When tuberculosis is localized to one or a few organs, the vet took them and allows the sale of meat, we find indeed little Koch bacilli in muscle chai beef. Generally the meat of localized tuberculosis animals is used as a precaution for canning (corned beef); sterilization in an autoclave ensures the destruction of Koch bacilli that could be there.    When the animal, as if often the case in swine, is suffering from generalized miliary tuberculosis or caseous tuberculosis with many nodes, all the meat will be seized and destroyed. A great effort is made to promote the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. Bonuses are given to farmers who slaughter their infected animals. On the other hand in Belgium, farmers who want to sell the milk of exceptional quality, branded milk AA, to take particular advantage for them must have a stable meeting certain rules of hygiene and disclaim any infringement beast tuberculosis. These measures helped cut of bovine tuberculosis in Belgium.

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[medica2014]

Conservation of fish

Antibiotics, cold for the conservation of adjuvants; to the ease with which the fish to be attacked by various bacteria, an effort was made to extend the term of conservation between capture and setting conservation complementing the action of cold, recognized by all necessary, by the addition of antibiotics.    The first attempt was in 1944 that Torr thought to use the bacteriostatic penicillin, but it was a failure. Systematic studies showed that only in the following three antibiotics were of interest for this use, especially tetracycline and oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline; that's why only the latter two were retained; most authors prefer chlortetracycline. Note, however, that if these products are active vis-à-vis bacteria, they are quite inactive vis-à-vis the molds and yeasts.    How to use oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline? - Added to the crushed ice, mixed with fish (5mg / kg). - Dissolved in water when immersed whole fish and fillets.   If used in high concentrations (100 to 200 mg per liter), the fish can not remain immersed in the solution for a few minutes; if used in lower concentrations (10 to 20 mg per liter) remain immersed 20, 30 or even 60 minutes. - Injected into the peritoneum of live fish at a dose of 10 mg per kg and then keep the fish in a tank containing 50 mg per liter, as recommended by Polish authors. - By spraying the fish, dissolved in the 50 to 100 mg per liter dose.

Conservation of fish bacteria, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, fish, concentration, water, Antibiotics via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1DP58Mo

[medica2014]

Conservation eggs

 We can keep eggs in three ways; whole, powdered or broken and frozen. - The whole egg; two problems for the conservation of whole eggs when you want that the latter can last a few weeks or months, the techniques and the control of their quality. The techniques; there are mainly two: * soaking in the milk of lime or a syrupy solution of sodium silicate. It causes clogging of the pores of the shell which prevents the penetration of germs. However, it is at the time of this treatment, the eggs are not already infected. Therefore: the treatment is applied to eggs as fresh as possible, the eggs that will undergo this treatment is collected under conditions of high cleanliness. - Refrigeration; we can keep eggs cold for several months by placing them in the fridge at about 0 °. You can not place much below 0 °, failing which they would freeze and would blow inside the shell. To prevent oxidation by oxygen in the air, it was recommended to place them in an atmosphere of nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere.

Conservation eggs conservation, atmosphere, egg, treatment via completescientificencyclopedia http://ift.tt/1NMiqu0

[medica2014]

Quality butcher's meat

 When the meat occupies perpendicular to the axis of the muscle fibers, the cut surface appears divided into a large number of small irregular polygons corresponding to muscle bundles. This is the grain of the meat. The membrane which defines the small polygons is the connective tissue surrounding the muscle fibers. When an animal is old, he was malnourished, or ill, the amount of connective tissue is large relative to the muscle fibers that make up the most nutritious and the most easily digestible meat. When there is a lot of connective tissue, meat is rough to the touch and sight, muscle fibers appears to be weak.    When the meat derived from healthy animals, young and well fed, the meat is smooth to the touch because the proportion of muscle fibers is large compared to that of connective tissue. They say that the grain is fine. The appreciation of the grain is very important and very easy to estimate the value of meat.    Professionals base their assessment of the quality of the meat in large part on the thickness of the carcass; malnourished beasts, second quality, have a thin carcass; it does not have to believe that it is the animals that have the thickest carcass that are the best. They can be too greasy and inconveniencing some consumers; There is therefore an optimum.    The beef and mutton should be a bright red; in animals treated badly, poor quality, the meat is too light; a purplish black color indicates that the meat comes from sick animals. Meat quality is firm; flaccid meat is the sign of a sick animal from which it comes.    The juice that flows from the meat must be acidic, if it is alkaline, is that the meat comes from a sick animal.

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[medica2014]

Butter

    Butter is produced by churning cream. Under the physical action of churning, the fat globules agglomerate and take on the consistency to form butter; the aqueous portion of the cream becomes buttermilk.     While the cream is an emulsion of fat in an aqueous solution, the butter is an emulsion of water in fat. Fat butter consists mainly of triglycerides by. The fatty acids which esterify glycerol are enough; some are volatifs as butyric acid. Isocaproic acid, caprylic acid and capric acid and the other is fixed as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid.    Butter fat is characterized by its high content of fatty acids volatifs, short aliphatic chain, and thereby differs from body fat. Butter contains little fatty acids it contains only 2-3 percent. Butter still contains 1.5 pout 100 lecithin and 0.2 to 0.4 per 100 ester cholesterol.    The acidity of the cream, due to the presence of bacteria favors certain modification of fat that will not be the same in the butter in cream. In addition, under the action of bacteria, forms in butter substances that will give it its characteristic aroma and taste, they are due mainly to the presence of a substance whose chemical formula is well known.

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