Masterposts:
Masterpost #1
Masterpost #2
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Masterposts:
Masterpost #1
Masterpost #2
~ㄹ/을 까 봐 — “I am worried about”
You can place place “걱정하다/걱정되다/걱정이다” or “근심하다/근심되다” after the first clause.
시험을 잘 못 볼까 봐 걱정돼요 = I’m worried that I won’t do well on the exam.
그녀가 나를 좋아하지 않을까 봐 걱정돼 = I’m worried that she won’t like.
You can also omit the second clause altogether.
시험을 잘 못 볼까 봐 = I’m worried that I won’t do well on the exam
비가 올까 봐 = I’m worried that it will rain
You can also place any sentence after the first clause to mean “I am worried about… so”
비가 올까 봐 우산을 가져왔어요 = I was worried that it would rain, so I brought an umbrella
손이 더러울까 봐 소독했어요 = I was worried that my hands were dirty, so I disinfected them
Notes
~는 데 — “In the Area of” & “To Take an Amount of Time or Resources”
Representing tasks or situations. Can add 에
It is mainly used together with the phrases:
걸리다
들다
도움이 되다
효과가 있다/없다
좋다/나쁘다
필요하다
사용하다
Examples:
밥을 다 먹는 데 한 시간 걸렸어요 = It took an hour to eat all the food
이 책을 읽는 데 세 시간이 걸렸어. = It took three hours to read this book.
수영하는 데에 자신이 없어요. = I’m not a confident swimmer.
비자를 받는 데에 뭐뭐가 필요해요? = What do I need for the visa?
Topic Markers (는/은) vs Subject Markers (이/가)
Difference #1: Old & New Information
Topic Marker 은/는: Old Information
Used to answer the question or adding more information.
Subject Marker 이/가: New Information
Used to ask about new information
Examples)
Q : 오늘이 무슨 요일이에요? What day is it today?
A : 오늘은 토요일이에요. Today is Saturday.
테이블 위에 사과가 있어요. 그 사과는 맛있어 보여요. = There is an apple on the table. The apple looks delicious.
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Difference #2: General/Factual vs Specific
Topic Marker 은/는:
General or Factual Information/Statement
Subject Marker 이/가:
Specific Statement
Examples)
치타는 가장 빠른 동물이다. Cheetah is the fastest animal.
However, if you saw a cheetah moving very slowly, you might say: 치타가 느리다. (That) cheetah is slow.
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Difference #3: Contrast/Comparison
Topic Marker 은/는: Contrast or Comparison
은 / 는, depending on context, can be used to compare or contrast two things.
Examples)
지영은 사과를 좋아해요. 그런데 수지는 사과를 안 좋아해요. = Jiyoung likes apples, but Suji doesn’t like apples.
오늘은 일 안 해도 돼요. 그런데 내일은 일 해야 돼요. = Today I don’t have to work. However, tomorrow I have to work.
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Difference #4: Emphasis on WHO
Topic Marker 은/는: Focus on Topic at hand
Subject Marker 이/가: Extra Emphasis on the Subject (who/what)
Examples)
A: 누가 설거지 했어? Who did the dishes?
B: 수지가 했어. Suji did.
A: 수지는 지금 뭐해요? What is Suji doing now?
B: 수지는 지금 쇼핑하고 있어요. Suji is shopping now.
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Difference #5: When a sentence has both a topic and a subject
01·13·22
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Adding 가/는/도 to Grammar
~ㄹ/을 수(가/는/도) 없다 / 있다
가:
~ㄹ/을 수가 없다: Adds emphasis (can’t ➡️ can’t even / really can’t)
는:
~ㄹ/을 수는 (or 순) 없다: Comparative nuance (I cant do x, but maybe can do something else)
도:
~ㄹ/을 수도 있다: “Might” (lit: “there is also a possibility that”)
~지 못하다:
~지도 못하다 & ~지는/진 못하다: Same usage as above.
Just remember the difference in nuance:
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~지(는/도) 않다
는:
지는/진 않다: Comparative emphasis nuance on not doing/being that specific thing.
‘Compared to other qualities, it’s actually not X’
‘Compared to other possibilities, X actually didn’t/won’t happen’
Stresses that the observation goes against expectations (despite what one might expect).
Ex: 술을 마신 것 같진 않았다 = She likely wasn’t drunk, but something else.
도:
지도 않다: ‘Even’ & ‘Also/Too’
‘Don’t even…; Didn’t even…’
‘Neither…; Nor was…’
‘Isn’t even…; Wasn’t even…’
먹지도 못하다 = I can’t even eat.
그렇게 짧은 것 같지도 않다 = It doesn’t even seem that short.
(ㄹ/을) 때 — When
Can also translate to while/during.
Can add 마다.
Noun: N + 때
방학 때 = During vacation / When it’s vacation
20살 때 = When I was 20 years old
그때 = During that time
점심 때 = During lunch / When it’s lunch
Adjective: A + ~ㄹ/을 때
더울 때 = When it’s hot
나쁠 때 = When it’s bad
피곤할 때 = When I’m tired
행복할 때 = When I’m happy
Verb: V + ~ㄹ/을 때
읽을 때 = When I read
입을 때 = When I wear
들을 때 = When I hear
배울 때 = When I learn
Past: A/V/N + ~았/었을 때
공부했을 때 = When I studied
왔을 때 = When I came
어렸을 때 = When I was young
학생이었을 때 = When I was a student
Korean Fractions —
x분의 x (of x parts, x)
When creating a fraction in Korean:
Uses Sino-Korean numbers.
The numerator (the number on the top) is said last.
The denominator (the number on the bottom) is said first.
Between the two, “분의” should be said.
Example:
4분의 1 = “One part of four” (lit.) = ¼
1 and 1/8 - 1과 8분의 1
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Other Usages
When referring to a portion of some noun as a fraction, the fraction is most commonly placed after the noun with ~의 attached to the noun to describe the fraction
Example:
“사람의 2분의 1” = one half of people (more common)
“2분의 1의 사람” = one half of people (less common)
Particles can be attached to it (such as 는/를)
Can add 만큼
저는 제 친구 용돈의 1/2만큼 받아요 = I get half the amount of allowance as my friend
얼마 vs 얼마나 — & When they are used
얼마:
a NOUN
Stands for: An unknown quantity, amount
OR, the monetary cost of something
NEVER precedes an adjective / verb
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얼마나:
an ADVERB
Meaning: How much/ How many
Especially 얼마나 많이/많다.
ALWAYS precedes an adjective / verb
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얼마 & Time
동안:
얼마 동안…?
ㄴ 지 되다:
한 지 얼마나 됬다?
걸리다:
얼마나 걸리다?
걸리다 — To take a certain amount of time
Time + 걸리다
The subject of these sentences is technically “시간” (이), but it is frequently dropped.
시간이 오래 걸리지 않을 거예요 = It won’t take that long.
집에서 회사까지 버스로 30분 걸린다 = It takes about 30 mins from my house to work by bus.
When asking a question, use “얼마나 걸리다?” to ask how long something takes.
~ㄴ/은 지 (x) 되다/넘다/지나다 — How long is has been “since something” / “since starting something”
V + ㄴ/은 지 (x) 되다 / 넘다 / 지나다
되다: “has been”
한국어를 공부한 지 1년 됐어요. I have studied Korean for 1 year.
넘다: “has been over”
그가 떠난 지 한 달이 넘었다. It has been over a month since he left.
지나다: “has passed”
담배를 끊은 지 세 달이 지났어요. 3 months have passed since I quit smoking.
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Notes
You can add 이/가 after the time (right before the verb).
Can use 밖에 안 되다.
한국에 온 지 한 달밖에 안 됐어요. (It’s been only a month since I came to Korea.)
When asking a question, use “얼마나 됐다…?” to ask how long since something.
동안 Meaning
For x amount of time (시간/분/초/주/일/etc)
x 동안
6개월 동안 준비했는데 너무 아쉬워요. I’ve been preparing the exam for six months so I’m really sad.
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While/during (Noun or ~는 동안)
N + 동안
V + 는 동안
시험을 보는 동안 너무 긴장했어요. I was so nervous, while I was taking the exam.
Note 1: Can replace ~면서 when the subjects of each clause are different.
Note 2: When asking a question, use “얼마 동안…?” to ask how long.
Note 3: Adding: 에 to ~는 동안 is optional.
Per — x에 x번
In x amount of time (에), the action is done x times (번) — Can also be 마다
저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 = I take this medicine twice per day
저는 그 친구를 1주에 한 번 만나요 = I meet that friend once per week
저는 여기에 한 달에 세 번 와요 = I come here three times per month
저는 1년에 두 번 미국에 가요 = I go to America twice per year
Korean Time — Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months, Years
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*️⃣ Korean Hours — 시 & 시간 *️⃣
Use Native Korean Numbers
시 is used for talking about the hour on a clock.
3시 = 3:00
세 시 = Three o’clock
시간 is used when counting hours.
3시간 동안 = for 3 hours
세 시간 동안 = for three hours
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*️⃣ Korean Minutes — 분 *️⃣
Uses Sino Korean Numbers
저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for 30 minutes.
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*️⃣ Korean Seconds — 초 *️⃣
Uses Sino Korean Numbers
이 초 = 2 seconds
2초 동안 = for 2 seconds
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*️⃣ Korean Days — 일 *️⃣
Uses Sino Korean Numbers
날 is the NOUN for day (e.g. 그 날)
일 is the counter for days.
저는 하루 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for 1 day
저는 3일 동안 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat for 3 days
Notes:
하루 is used much more than 일 일 (1일).
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*️⃣ Day of the Month *️⃣
일에 refers to a specific day of the month.
Uses Sino-Korean Numbers
나는 3일에 수업을 들었어 = I went to class on the 3rd (day of the month)
You can refer to a specific day and month by adding #일 after #월:
3월 2일 = March 2nd 5월 25일에 = On May 25th
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*️⃣ Korean Weeks — 주 *️⃣
Uses Sino Korean numbers
저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks.
Note: 주일 may also be used, but it is less common and less natural.
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*️⃣ Korean Months - 달 & 개월 *️⃣
When counting months, you can either use 달 or 개월.
달: Use Native Korean numbers
개월: Use Sino-Korean numbers.
There is no difference in meaning, and both are used frequently.
저는 두 달 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months
저는 이 개월 동안 한국어 수업을 들었어요 = I took a Korean class for 2 months
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*️⃣ Korean Years — 년 *️⃣
Uses Sino-Korean Numbers
저는 10년 동안 한국어를 공부했어요 = I studied Korean for 10 years.
Counters
*️⃣ Two Methods *️⃣
(NOUN) + Number + (COUNTER)
More common
Number + (COUNTER)의 + (NOUN)
Less common
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*️⃣ Differences *️⃣
사람 두 명 = 2 people
두 명의 사람 = 2 people
사람 한 명 = 1 person
한 명의 사람 = 1 person
펜 다섯 개 = 5 pens
다섯 개의 펜 = 5 pens
펜 마흔네 개 = 44 pens
마흔네 개의 펜 = 44 pens
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*️⃣ 몇 means… *️⃣
Some, a few (used in a counter STATEMENT sentence)
How many (used in a counter QUESTION sentence)
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*️⃣ Counting with Large Numbers *️⃣
When counting and using large numbers, Sino-Korean numbers replace Native Korean numbers.
600 Dogs ➡️ 600마리의 강아지 ➡️ 육백마리의 강아지
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*️⃣ Native Korean No. Changes *️⃣
———————————————————
*️⃣ Examples *️⃣
You can add particles.
나는 펜 네 개를 샀어 = I bought four pens
나는 네 개의 펜을 샀어 = I bought four pens
나는 어제 친구 다섯 명을 만났어 = I met five friends yesterday
나는 어제 다섯 명의 친구를 만났어 = I met five friends yesterday
Using Sino vs Native Numbers
Sino-Korean Numbers:
Counters for:
Time (days, weeks, months, years, minutes, seconds)
Weight (kilograms, grams, etc)
Measuring (meters, centimetres, etc)
When counting/dealing with money
When measuring
When doing math
In phone-numbers
When talking about/counting time in any way except the hour
Counting months (there is another way to count months using pure Korean numbers)
Pure Korean Numbers:
Counters for: Age & Most general counters
Talking about the hour in time.
Sometimes used when talking about months.
Masterpost Part II
Beginner
N + 처럼 — “Like”
A + 아/어 보이다 — To look like (physically)
(ㄹ/을) 때 — When
Intermediate
V + 나 보다 and A + ㄴ/은가 보다 — I guess it’s…, Seems like, it must (be)
~ㄹ/을 까 봐 — “I am worried about”
Advanced
~는 데 — “In the Area of” & “To Take an Amount of Time or Resources”
Miscellaneous
얼마 vs 얼마나 — & When they are used
Adding 가/는/도 to Grammar
(는/은) vs (이/가) — Topic vs Subject Markers
Numbers
Using Sino vs Native Numbers
Counters
Korean Time — Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months, Years
동안 — Meaning
~ㄴ/은 지 (x) 되다/넘다/지나다 — How long is has been “since something” / “since starting something”
걸리다 — To take a certain amount of time
Korean Fractions — x분의 x (of x parts, x)
Per — x에 x번