Newtons Classes - IIT, NEET, Competitive Exams Tips

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Types of Fish Species known in the World and their Features

Fish account for more than half of all the vertebrate species known in the world, with more than 24,000 species identified so far. They are found in almost every watery habitat- salt, fresh, or brackish- from large puddles to polar seas. They range in size from gobies, less than an inch long, to whale sharks, 59 feet long. Fish come in all colors and in thousand of patterns, but some are colored drably in with surroundings.

Fish fall into three main group: jaw-less, cartilaginous, and bony. The category of jawless fish includes hag-fish and lampreys; the category of cartilaginous fish includes sharks and rays; and the category of bony fish, to which the largest number of fish belongs, includes both the lobe-finned and the ray-finned fish species.

Most fish have scales that protect their bodies. Nearly all fish have fins, used for swimming. Flying fish can launch themselves into the air for brief periods, and some fish, such as walking catfish, use their fins to drag themselves along on land.

Most fish reproduce by means of eggs laid by the female and fertilized by the male, outside the female’s body. Many sharks, however, reproduce by internal fertilization and live birth from the mother’s body.

Many fish eat algae or insect larvae and other small animals, but some, such as sharks, are tireless predators than hunt even large sea mammals.

Fish frequently travel in large group called schools or shoals. Using low-frequency sonar, researchers detected a shoal of some 20 million fish.

HOW DO FISH BREATH?

Most fish breathe with gills, arched structures on either side of the body that contains features known as filaments and lamellae. Water, which contains oxygen, flows in through the fish’s open mouth and then out across the gills. Rakers filter out particles as the water flows through.

Blood coursing through the filaments and lamellae also dump carbon dioxide from the body into the gills, and water carries it out of the body. Many species, including sharks and bony fishes, have a pumping mechanism that aids respiration.

A fish out of water suffocates because its gill structures collapse and the oxygen exchange cannot continue.

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Flowering and Priceless Benefits to our Lives from Plants

Any vascular plant in which flower parts mature after fertilization into seed-bearing fruits in considered an angiosperm, or flowering plant. Flowering plants first appeared about 145 million years ago and today represent more than 80 percent of all green plants. Directly or indirectly, they represent the major source of food for all the animal species on Earth, from insects to humans.

Flowering plants also supply the raw materials for clothing such as cotton and linen, a large number of drugs and remedies, and important building materials. The flowering plants in our gardens and homes also add priceless aesthetic pleasure to our lives.

Angiosperms come in two basic forms; woody and herbaceous. Trees and shrubs represent the woody forms; herbaceous plants, which in clued many more species than we normally think of as herbs, are categorized as annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals complete their whole growth cycle in one season. Biennials use the first year to grow from seed and the second to develop flowers and fruits for the next generation. Perennials grow for many years and often produce flowering every year. While they may die back in winter, perennials produce new shoots each growing season from underground structures such as bulbs, rhizomes, corms, and tubers.

Pollination- the transfer of male reproductive cells to the female reproductive parts of a plants of the same species- occurs by a number of methods, some random and some more orchestrated. Some flowers require pollinators-mostly insects, but also birds, reptiles and mammals- that of the same species. These flowers often entice with strong scent and even pollinator’s reward is the nutritious pollen itself or nectar, a sweet liquid produced in the flowers.

WHAT IS PHOTOTROPISM?

Many plants, and some other organisms such as fungi, exhibit a tendency to grow toward a light source known as phototropism; this movement is very pronounced in some species. Plant’ responses also vary according to the wavelength of the light to which they are exposed, with red light often evoking the strongest response.

Plant hormones called auxins trigger cellular changes and swelling inside the plant, causing it to move toward the light.

The shoots of some vines may purposefully grow away from the light. They seek instead dark solid objects to climb; this process in called negative phototropism, or skototropism-growing towards darkness. Plant roots also exhibit this negative motion, but they also respond strongly to gravity.

Some plants move in response to the daily motion of the sun. this action, called heliotropism, does not involve plant growth and is therefore not considered a form of phototropism.

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Bacteria Protists and Archaea

Bacteria, protists, and archaea belong to the world of microbes-mostly unicellular organisms. Bacteria are prokaryotes, organisms with DNA that is not enclosed within a nucleus, whereas protists are eukaryotes, organisms with a bounded nucleus. Archaea, an ancient life-form recognized only in the late 1970s, are prokaryotes but are different from bacteria. They are the extremists in the bunch, able to survive in the most challenging environmental conditions.

Despite their small size and single-cell structure, bacteria exhibit an amazing range and complexity of characteristics and behaviors. Along with archea, they were the earliest forms of life on the planet. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, date back some three billion years and contributed to the formation of Earth’s atmosphere by developing photosynthesis.

Protists are a diverse group that includes protozoans, algae, and lower fungi. They share characteristics with both animals and plants. Protozoans are prevalent in soils and aquatic habitats worldwide, and most maintain symbiotic and even parasitic relationships with other organisms. Algae dominate many aquatic habitats and range dramatically in size-from organisms only millimeters long to strands of the sea up to 200 feet long.

Archaea resemble bacteria under a microscope but are biochemically and genetically different. These are the organisms that live in thermal vents in the deep ocean and even in petroleum deposits underground. But they also thrive in more normal conditions, including with the plankton of the open sea.

WHAT IS VIRUS?

A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that enters animals, plants, or bacteria hosts. A single virus particle, called a virion, is little more than a bundle of genetic material-DNA or RNA- that does not take the form of a cell. Instead, it is encased in a shell called a viral coat, or capsid, made of bits of protein. Some viruses have an additional enclosure around the capsid called an envelope.

Viruses cannot function without their hosts. They cannot synthesize proteins without essential ingredients from their host cells, and they can neither generate nor store energy on their own. In fact, viruses depend on host cells for all their metabolic functions. Some scientist decline to count viruses among living organisms since they cannot survive on their own and cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. Not usually counted among plants, animals, or prokaryotic bacteria, viruses are instead classified in a group of their own.

What viruses can do, however, is infect, or cause disease. Fortunately, the immune systems of most animal species can fend off infection from many kinds of viruses. Antibiotics cannot cure viral illnesses, but vaccines can prevent them, and many widespread life-threatening viral outbreaks, such as smallpox, have been controlled or eliminated with vaccines.

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NEET 2018 FAQs and Strategies You Need to Know

FAQs that you need to know about NEET 2018

1. Examination on 6th May 2018 2. Minimum age limit is 17 years 3. Minimum 50% marks to qualify 4. Syllabus comprised of physics, chemistry and biology 5. Aadhar card not mandatory

NEET 2018 Strategies

1. Well prepared notes 2. Solve sample papers 3. Practice Mock Test 4. Physics and equations 5. Care of health

There is no finish line when it comes to reading

Read, read and more reading. That is the motto of every medico. You would never meet a medical student who claims to have finished preparing for the exams. Because if you finish one book, there are three more standard books waiting for you.

There’s no end to reading. Even established doctors need to be up-to-date with the recent discoveries in medicine as it is a dynamic and ever-evolving subject.

Getting that “DOCTOR” title is worth all of it

Yes, there may be no holidays. Yes there may be a lot to read. But after four and a half years, when you will receive your degree, you will realize that it was worth all of it – every bit of the pain, struggle and happiness.

Stay Connected with NEWTONS CLASSES, follow our Facebook page to know more about NEET 2018.

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How to prepare well for NEET 2018?

Here are some of the important tips which will prepare students to face the toughest entrance examinations successfully. 

1. Work on weaker areas. 

2. Regular study breaks 

3. Practice mock test papers. 

4. Come up with an effective study plan. 

5. Use familiar visuals for better recall. 

Find more details about NEET 2018 application form, exam dates, exam pattern, syllabus.

To join NEWTONS CLASSES crash and full year course for NEET, contact us today by filing the inquiry form. 

For regular updates, like and follow our facebook page -https://www.facebook.com/Newtons-Classes-501288226749154/

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What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a life process powered by the sun. Directly or indirectly through the food chain, it fuel most life on Earth. Photosynthesis is carried out by green plants and some type of algae as well as by cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae) and related organism, which are responsible for most of the photosynthesis in oceans.

In the process of photosynthesis, plants capture sun-light and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The light and CO2 combine with water brought in the plant roots. The end product is sugars, food for the plant; a waste product is oxygen, respired out through the plant leaves. Thus use the carbon dioxide that animal breathes in.

Photosynthesis provides all the food we eat-plants and animals that eat plants- and the oxygen we breath. If photosynthesis were cease, the atmosphere oxygen would likely be depleted on. Green plants formed the bulk of the organic deposits that through geological processes were transformed into coal, oil and natural gas.

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Carolus Linnaeus/ Father of Classification

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) studied botany and medicine in his native Sweden and then moved to the Netherland in 1735, where he swiftly passed his medical exams. He soon published a book, Systema Naturae (The system of Nature), in which he presented his scheme of a hierarchical classification for the three kingdoms of nature: plants, animals, and stones.

Linnaeus taxonomy replaced others based on dichotomy, and he built its foundation from the individual species on up, through genera, classes, and kingdoms, Additional ranks were added later by other scientists. His binomial nomenclature (genus, species) was considered a real breakthrough, as it provided a recognizable shorthand, especially in publications. His writings greatly influenced both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics.

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What did Darwin Learn in the Galapagos?

Charles Darwin first understanding of evolution blossomed in 1835 on the Galapagos Islands, a thousand miles off the cost of Ecuador. This remote19-island archipelago is located at the confluence of three ocean currents, giving it a unique climate situation in which species such as the penguin and the flamingo can coexist. Fully one-third of Galapagos vascular land plants are endemic, as are most of the reptiles, nearly all of the breeding land birds, and almost a third of the marine species.

The highly challenging conditions of the Galapagos, with its arid climate, poor soil, and rugged terrain, afforded Darwin a chance to witness how species- such as the giant tortoise and the Galapagos finches- adapt in an almost laboratory-type setting. Such far-reaching observation and connections underpinned his history of evolution. Today, the archipelago is under threat reaching observation and connections under pinned his theory of evolution. Today, the archipelago is under threat from various stresses, despite its U.N. designation as a World heritage site.

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Life on Earth

In three and a half year, life on Earth has transformed from single cell to complex multi-cellular organisms. Life permeates all environments on Earth and is a defining characteristic of our planet. It occurs in the biosphere, a thin layer between the upper part of Earth troposphere and the topmost layers of porous rocks and sediments. The size and nature of the biosphere has grown and changed over time, as has the relationship between organic elements in the biosphere.

In the beginning, the conditions on Earth were limiting, and the first cells formed molecular building blocks reflects this. Early organisms were single-celled prokaryotes, such as bacteria, that lacked a defined nucleus. A billion and a half years later, eukaryotes, such as amoebas, appeared: single-celled organisms that possess a bounded nucleus and rely on oxygen to function. These two categories of cell have persisted through time in an unbroken sequence, while also evolving into the myriad and astonishingly diversified life-forms found on the planet today.

Humans should not be viewed as the culmination of life on Earth. Like all situations involving natural selection, the pathway that led to Homo sapiens was not predetermined, but variable. A sequence of many favorable circumstances was necessary for the human species to evolve. Had not cataclysmic event occurred some 65 million years ago, dinosaurs still might be the dominant vertebrates on the planet, as they had been for the 100 million years during which they coexisted early mammals. If one group of organisms is to be singled out for its longevity and adaptability, it is bacteria. Bacteria have been since the beginning and in all likelihood will be here at the end.

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The Silent Killers

There are various source of contamination which lead to hazardous elements in human body and causes many health risks.

Metals in Medicines

The rarest of the rare in this “full of life” Earth might be living with good physical and mental health. According to a survey by WHO, nearly 7 lakh Indians die due to cancer every year. Breast cancer is emerging as the deadliest among Indian women; While for men, it is the cancer of lip and oral cavity. We are encountering new health issues as the number of people getting affected by new viruses and bacteria, also induced and non-induced ailments and mental disorders are progressively increasing. So, scientists are looking for an efficient and economical way of synthesising novel drug moieties for therapeutic usage. Find out about various hazardous elements, their source of contamination and their alternatives for healthy life. Click here >> 

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How to prepare for IIT-JEE

IIT-JEE

is considered one of the toughest and the most prestigious exams to crack in India. It is the entrance Exam for getting into the Indian institute of technology. The students as well as their parents are always eager to know the best method of preparing the exam. For preparing this exam there is a mixture of smart work and hard work. Hard work makes you able to crack the exam but smart work can increase your efficiency in the preparation. There are some steps to crack the exam.

Step 1- About paper pattern

The Very first thing about

IIT-JEE exam

is it has been renamed as JEE (Joint Entrance Exam) since 2013. IIT-JEE exam has two papers-

JEE Main and

JEE Advanced

Eligibility of JEE-Advanced is you have to clear the cut-off in JEE Main. And for this you have to understand the pattern of both the papers as they are different in certain aspects.

JEE-Main- JEE-Main has three sections i.e. Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Each section comprises of 30 questions and for the each correct answer you will get 4 marks and for every wrong answer 1 mark will be deducted. There is no negative marking for unanswered questions. The level of JEE-Main exam is easier as compared to JEE Advanced. For clearing JEE-Main you have to focus the respective subjects. NCERT books are the best source for preparing this exam.

JEE-Advance- JEE-Advanced has 2 papers of 3 hours each. Each paper consists of 3 sections (Physics, Chemistry and Maths). In the first paper there are 10 multiple choice questions with single correct answer, 5 multiple choice questions with multiple correct answers and 5 questions with a single digit answer. In the second paper of the each section there are 8 multiple choice questions with single correct answer, 8 questions related to reading passage and many matching list type questions.

Step 2- Resources for preparation

The resources consist of both classroom courses as well as test series. The resources are as follows

You have to join a good coaching institute (e.g. Newtons Academy- Making your tomorrow today)

You have to solve good amount of questions for each topic.

Clear your doubts on regular basis.(Regular doubt counters at Newtons academy)

Try to solve previous year question papers.

Solve mock test series provided by Coaching centre.(Test series by Newtons Academy)

Step 3- Proper Management of TIME

Proper time have to be given for each topic. You have to attend the classes because for preparing for exams classroom knowledge plays an important role in building concepts. While preparing for exams we have to control our wastage of time like travelling and social media etc.

Step 4- Exam Day

You have to take proper sleep and rest before exam day. Prepare well before exam and don’t stress during the exam day.

Best tips to crack JEE MAIN EXAM 2018

IIT JEE is one of the most toughest exam and this is a dream of lots of engineering aspirants as a lots of students take tour for brushing up their work everyone have lots of criteria and plans to get success and it will vary from person to person so it is one of the most important aspect to get tips for you exam as the exam for last year was given by something about 12 lakh students and we have to compete with every students so to get a good rank in front of all of them. You have to be very careful to follow the rules and regulations with every tips getting from others. There are some points which we have to follow

One of the most important things is our basic which is totally fulfilled by our board exams. Make your base very hard for your final exam.

Many of the students get success due to their good coaching institute. You have to get a best faculties coaching institute.

We know that courses of IIT JEE are very big and is too much difficult to cope with it but you have to take rest during the studies hours as to get full concentration towards our topics. You have to eat well because health is wealth without health there is nothing so maintain every aspect of daily life.

Practice is the key of success, there is a saying practice makes a man perfect. Daily practice hard to brush up your content.

As your interest makes you succeed for the finals so as to get a good rank in finals so take interest in your different topics.

Article Proudly Published By: NEWTONS ACADEMY

NEWTONS ACADEMY

With the motto of Making your tomorrow today. We are providing here good quality of education.

Newtons Academy

is truly determine to establish the career of students, benefiting them with expertise faculties and knowledge we provide everything to the students to make them eligible to crack Entrance Exams. The syllabus is revised regularly to keep pace with the fast changing competitive environment. We provide regular test series to the students and every test attempted by the students gives them a clear vision of their understanding of the topic and weaknesses and ranking amongst the aspirants from across the India. Besides delivering knowledge we encourage and motivate our students to make most of their abilities by boosting their confidence.

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NEET 2018: Application Form, Exam Dates, Exam Pattern, Syllabus

NEET 2018 Examination is most likely to be held on 10th May (Thursday) 2018. NEET 2018 Application Form will be released in the third week of January 2018. It is the national level examination for admission to MBBS & BDS courses. CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) is the conducting authority which organizes the NEET examination every year in various cities across the country.

NEET exam is a gateway for admissions into medical & dental UG courses offered by various government and private medical colleges of the country. From the year 2016 onwards, AIPMT exam has been replaced by NEET examination. All medical institutions consider NEET score for providing admission in MBBS/BDS courses.

Through this article, students can get details about NEET 2018 exam including application form, eligibility, exam dates, exam pattern, syllabus, etc.

Source: Newtons Classes