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Happy Halloween

Mars and the Moon 2 am this saturday

Big clouds before the storm... In México city

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Hubble Mosaic of the Majestic Sombrero Galaxy

credit: Patrice Paquette

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If Andromeda were brighter, this is how it would look in our night sky.

Distance to Earth: 2.537 million light years.

(Image credit: Tom Buckley-Houston)

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A protoplanetary disk is a rotating circumstellar disk of dense gas and dust surrounding a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or Herbig Ae/Be star. The protoplanetary disk may also be considered an accretion disk for the star itself, because gases or other material may be falling from the inner edge of the disk onto the surface of the star. This process should not be confused with the accretion process thought to build up the planets themselves. Externally illuminated photo-evaporating protoplanetary disks are called proplyds.

The nebular hypothesis of solar system formation describes how protoplanetary disks are thought to evolve into planetary systems. Electrostatic and gravitational interactions may cause the dust and ice grains in the disk to accrete into planetesimals. This process competes against the stellar wind, which drives the gas out of the system, and gravity (accretion), which pulls material into the central T Tauri star.

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Image credit: NASA/JPL, ESO

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The artist conception shows a newly formed star surrounded by a swirling protoplanetary disk of dust and gas. Debris coalesces to create rocky ‘planetesimals’ that collide and grow to eventually form planets. The results of this study show that small planets form around stars with a wide range of heavy element content suggesting that their existence might be widespread in the galaxy.

Credit: University of Copenhagen/Lars Buchhave