How D-Day Changed History
Operation Overlord, more commonly known as D-Day, is one of the most famous war battles in history. The World War II battle led to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s rule and the eventual downfall of Hitler, marking the end of the war.
The operation began on June 6, 1944. It consisted of three modes of attack: naval, air, and land assault. Battalions from the American, Canadian, and British armies landed on Normandy’s beaches in France. Strategic planning and international cooperation played a key role in the operation’s success. The French beaches provided a relatively safer spot to attack due to their weakened defenses. Further, the beaches could be easily covered by air forces to protect the incoming battalions.
While the majority of involved troops originated from America, Britain, and Canada, other countries like Australia, Poland, Norway, Belgium, and Greece contributed to the invasion of Normandy. This required a high degree of international cooperation and encouraged nations to overcome countless socio-political tensions.
General Dwight Eisenhower led the operation. Along with a team of planners headed by lieutenant-general Frederick Morgan, he devised a deception tactic to distract the German forces. While the Germans were certain that the Allied Forces were going to attack France, they were not sure of the exact site of the attack.
The Allied Forces proceeded to attack the Pas de Calais to falsely signal to the enemy that this was the main entry point. The Allied Forces employed fake radio transmissions, double agents, and a phantom army based in England to make sure the operation seemed as realistic as possible.
Considered the largest amphibious war operation ever conducted, Operation Overlord comprised thousands of soldiers and more than 10,000 aircraft for cover. The soldiers arrived on Normandy’s beaches in the early morning of June 6. The forces targeted a total of six beaches, codenamed Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword.
By midnight, an additional 18,000 paratroopers arrived to provide tactical support. Within the span of 24 hours, the Allied Forces overcame the enemy’s presence and successfully gained control of the targeted beaches.
Around 7,000 naval vessels participated in the operation. Battleships and escorts assisted in Normandy landings. They were crucial prior to landings as well since they attacked and eliminated German defense forces.
The German forces were scattered and lacked effective coordination. Although Hitler could clearly see a growing threat in Normandy as the Allied Forces gradually seized the countryside, he refused to shift divisions, still keen on maintaining a strong foothold near the Pas de Calais. Additionally, the airborne Allied forces hindered German pilots, preventing them from accurately assessing the situation.
By the end of June, the Allied Forces controlled the critical Cherbourg port. Over the course of the upcoming months, they advanced into the city, defeating the enemy and liberating Paris. After completely freeing northwestern France, the forces were ready to embark on the next battle alongside the Soviet Union forces in Germany.
After these successive defeats, the German forces suffered low morale, which impacted their stamina. Hitler couldn’t rely on troops to develop effective defenses against the advancing Allied Forces. Without a solid plan to counter this dominating threat, Nazi Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.
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