Rules and Equipment of Go: (terms will be the Japanese versions as those are the ones I'm most familiar with.)
Stones: Go is played with playing tokens known as stones. Each player has at their disposal an adequate supply (usually 180) of stones of the same color.
Board: Go is played on a plain grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines, called a board. Variations exist of 13x13 and 9x9 grid boards.
Go is a game between two players, called Black and White.
Board: Go is played on a plain grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines, called a board.
Definition.("Intersection", "Adjacent") A point on the board where a horizontal line meets a vertical line is called an intersection. Two intersections are said to be adjacent if they are connected by a horizontal or vertical line with no other intersections between them.
Positions: At any time in the game, each intersection on the board is in one and only one of the following three states: 1) empty; 2) occupied by a black stone; or 3) occupied by a white stone. A position consists of an indication of the state of each intersection.
Definition. ("Connected") Two placed stones of the same color (or two empty intersections) are said to be connected if it is possible to draw a path from one intersection to the other by passing through adjacent intersections of the same state (empty, occupied by white, or occupied by black).
Definition. ("Liberty") In a given position, a liberty of a stone is an empty intersection adjacent to that stone or adjacent to a stone which is connected to that stone
Initial position: At the beginning of the game, the board is empty.
Turns: Black moves first. The players alternate thereafter.
Moving: When it is their turn, a player may either pass (by announcing "pass" and performing no action) or play. A play consists of the following steps (performed in the prescribed order):
Step 1. (Playing a stone) Placing a stone of their color on an empty intersection (chosen subject to Rule 14 and, if it is in effect, to Optional Rule 13). It can never be moved to another intersection after being played.
Step 2. (Capture) Removing from the board any stones of their opponent's color that have no liberties.
Step 3. (Self-capture) Removing from the board any stones of their own color that have no liberties.
Optional Rule. Prohibition of suicide: A play is illegal if one or more stones of that player's color would be removed in Step 3 of that play.
A play is illegal if it would have the effect (after all steps of the play have been completed) of creating a position that has occurred previously in the game.
End: The game ends when both players have passed consecutively. The final position is the position on the board at the time the players pass consecutively.
Definition. ("Territory") In the final position, an empty intersection is said to belong to a player's territory if all stones adjacent to it or to an empty intersection connected to it are of that player's color.
Definition. ("Area") In the final position, an intersection is said to belong to a player's area if either: 1) it belongs to that player's territory; or 2) it is occupied by a stone of that player's color.
Definition. ("Score") A player's score is the number of intersections in their area in the final position.
Winner: If one player has a higher score than the other, then that player wins. Otherwise, the game is a draw.
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