Best inventions of all time | Rich and great inventions
Man is a genius species. Although we have been on the planet for a relatively short time (Earth is 4.5 billion years old), modern day Homo sapiens dreamed and created amazing things, sometimes far away. From the moment someone hit a rock on the ground to make the first sharp tool, to the dawn of the wheel and the development of Mars and internet rovers, some important advances prove to be particularly revolutionary. Here are our top tips for the greatest inventions of all time, as well as the science behind the invention and how it came about.
the wheel
Before the invention of the wheel in 3500 BC People were very limited in how much we could transport on earth and how far. Apparently the wheel itself wasn't the hardest part of "Invention of the Wheel". When it came time to attach a stationary platform to this rolling cylinder, things got complicated, according to David Anthony, professor of anthropology at Hartwick College.
"The big bang was the wheel and axle concept," Anthony told Live Science. "But it was also difficult." For example, the holes in the center of the wheels and at the ends of the fixed axles would need to be almost perfectly round and smooth, he said. The size of the shaft was a critical factor as was its fit in the bore (not too tight, but not too loose either).
The hard work has paid off. Wheel carts made agriculture and trade easier by allowing goods to be transported to and from markets and reducing the stress on people who travel long distances. Today, wheels are indispensable for our way of life and can be found in all areas, from clocks to vehicles to turbines. [Learn more about the invention of the wheel]
Without nails, civilization would surely collapse. This key invention dates back over 2,000 years to Roman times and only became possible after humans developed the ability to cast and shape metal. Previously, wooden structures had to be built by interlocking geometrically adjacent planks, which was a much more difficult construction process.
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The ancient sailors sailed through the stars, but this method did not work during the day or on cloudy nights, so it was not safe to travel far from land.
The Chinese invented the first compass between the 9th and 11th centuries; It was made of lodestone, a naturally magnetized iron ore whose attractive properties they had studied for centuries. (The photo shows a model of an ancient Chinese compass from the Han Dynasty; it is a south-facing trowel or Sinan made of polished ashlar.) Soon thereafter, the technology was passed on to Europeans and Arabs through nautical contact. The compass enabled seafarers to navigate safely away from land, which increased maritime trade and contributed to the Age of Discovery.
The German Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing machine around 1440. The key to its development was manual mold, a new molding technique that enabled the rapid production of large quantities of movable types of metal. Although others before him, including inventors in China and Korea, developed movable types of metal, Gutenberg was the first to develop a mechanized process in which ink (which he made from linseed oil and soot) was transferred of the mobile type. Paper.
With this mobile process, printers have exponentially increased the speed at which copies could be made of books, leading to the rapid and widespread dissemination of knowledge for the first time in history. By 1500, 20 million volumes had been printed in Western Europe.
Among other things, the print shop allowed wider access to the Bible, which in turn led to alternative interpretations, including that of Martin Luther, of which "95 theses," one printed document per 100,000, sparked Protestant reform. [Learn more about Johannes Gutenberg and the printing company]
The telephone
Although several inventors pioneered electronic voice transmission (many of whom filed intellectual property lawsuits when telephone use exploded), Alexander Graham Bell was the first to obtain a patent for the electric telephone in 1876. His drawing patent shown above.
Although several inventors pioneered electronic voice transmission (many of whom filed intellectual property lawsuits when phone use exploded), Alexander Graham Bell was the first to receive a patent on the electric phone in 1876 (the design of his patent is above shown). . .) According to PBS, he was inspired to teach deaf people and also visit his mother who is hard of hearing. He called the first phone an "electric speech machine" according to PBS.
The invention quickly took off, revolutionizing business and global communication. When Bell died on August 2, 1922, according to PBS, the US telephone service paused for a minute to pay tribute to him.
The light bulb
When all you have is natural light, productivity is limited to the hours of the day. Light bulbs changed the world by allowing us to be active at night. According to historians, two dozen people were instrumental in the invention of incandescent lamps in the 19th century. Thomas Edison is considered the most important inventor because in 1879 he created a fully functional lighting system with generator and wiring, as well as a carbon light bulb like the one described above.
This invention not only heralded the introduction of electricity to households in the western world, but also had a rather unexpected consequence of changing people's sleep patterns. Instead of going to bed at night (doing nothing else) and sleeping in segments at night separated by waking phases, we now stay awake except for the allotted 7-8 hours of sleep. Ideally, we all sleep in one go. [Learn more about the invention of the light bulb]
penicillin
It is one of the most famous discovery stories in history. In 1928, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming noticed in his laboratory a Petri dish filled with bacteria whose lid had accidentally opened. The sample had been contaminated with mold and wherever the mold was found the bacteria were dead. This antibiotic mold turned out to be the fungus Penicillium, and over the next two decades it was cleaned up by chemists and developed the drug penicillin, which fights a large number of bacterial infections in humans without harming humans. themselves.
Penicillin was mass produced and advertised until 1944. This poster on a roadside mailbox advised WWII soldiers to take the drug to get rid of venereal disease.
About 1 in 10 people are allergic to the antibiotic. This is the result of a study published in 2003 in the journal Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology. Even so, most of these people can still tolerate the drug, the researchers said.