"The paradigm of a positivist or descriptive science forms another ideological pillar of the nation-state. It fuels nationalist ideology (but also laicism) which has taken the form of a new religion. On the other hand it is one of the ideological foundations of modernity and its dogmata have influenced the social sciences sustainably. Positivism can be circumscribed as a philosophical approach that is strictly confined to the appearance of things, which it equates with reality itself. Since in positivism appearance is reality, anything that has no appearance cannot be part of reality. We know from quantum physics, astronomy, some fields of biology, and even the gist of thought itself that reality occurs in worlds that are beyond observable events. Often our traditional patterns of explanation cannot be applied in these cases. The truth, in the relationship between the observed and the observer, has mystified itself to the extent that it no longer fits any physical scale or definition. Positivism denies this and thus, to an extent, resembles the idol worshipping of ancient times, where the idol constitutes the image of reality."