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Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy (Adrian Wells, 2000)

"This questionnaire is concerned with beliefs people have about their thinking.

Listed below are a number of beliefs that people have expressed. Please read each item and say how much you generally agree with it by circling the appropriate number. Please respond to all the items, there are no right or wrong answers.

Worrying helps me to avoid problems in the future

My worrying is dangerous for me

I have difficulty knowing if I have actually done something, or just imagined it

I think a lot about my thoughts

I could make myself sick with worrying

I am aware of the way my mind works when I am thinking through a problem

If I did not control a worrying thought, and then it happened, it would be my fault

If I let my worrying thoughts get out of control, they will end up controlling me

I need to worry in order to remain organised

I have little confidence in my memory for words and names (…)

Worrying puts my body under a lot of stress

Worrying helps me to avoid disastrous situations

I am constantly aware of my thinking

I have a poor memory

I pay close attention to the way my mind works

People who do not worry, have no depth

Worrying helps me cope"

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Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy (Adrian Wells, 2000)

"Here the person may state that he/she logically knows that a belief is false but that it still "feels" as if it is correct.

In this example, internal feelings are interpreted as evidence that the belief is accurate.

A feeling state of this kind may be metacognitive in nature.

Feeling states that can be important, other than discrete emotions, include subjective energy levels, agitation and metacognitive events similar to "feeling of knowing", and confidence in judgements. (…)

For instance, obsessive-compulsive ritualisers perform rituals such as checking or repeating actions until it ”feels right” to stop or until an internal rule has been satisfied.

In generalized anxiety disorder, individuals worry until they feel that they will be able to cope or until they ”know” they have worried about most possibilities and thus feel prepared.

A problem with the use of internal criteria is that some of these criteria require high (and often unobtainable) levels of cognitive control to achieve them.

Moreover, internal felt-senses are prone to disruption by a variety of factors, such as other emotional reactions, hormonal responses and physiological variables.

As a consequence, signals for terminating overt and covert coping behaviours are unstable in a way that contributes to instability and perseveration of negative thoughts, emotion and coping strategies."

#emotional disorders and metacognition #adrian wells #book

Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy (Adrian Wells, 2000)

"A basic distinction has been made by most theorists between two aspects of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.

Metacognitive knowledge is the information that individuals have about their own cognition and about task factors or learning strategies that affect it.

Metacognitive regulation refers to a range of executive functions, such as the allocation of attention, monitoring, checking, planning, and detection of errors in performance.

The idea that metacognition controls and monitors general cognition implies a distinction between two cognitive levels.

Nelson and Narens (1990), have proposed that cognitive processes operate on two or more inter-related levels. These levels are known as the meta-level and the object level.

Two processes are identified in their model that correspond to the direction of information flowing between the two levels, as depicted in Figure 1.1.

Information flowing from the object level to the meta-level is called monitoring, and this informs the meta-level of the state of the object level.

Information flowing from the meta-level to the object level is called control. Control informs the object level what to do next."

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