Today, I will present the Python packages where you can explore most of the complex SQLs by using this new package named "Polars". #Python #polars #sql #analytic #function
Today, I will present some valid Python packages where you can explore most of the complex SQLs by using this new package named “Polars,” which can be extremely handy on many occasions.
This post will be short posts where I’ll prepare something new on LLMs for the upcoming posts for the next month.
Why not view the demo before going through it?
Demo
Python Packages:
pip install polars
pip…
B.Tech Applied Mathematics-2 Online Tutor The objective of the paper is to facilitate the student with the basics of Applied Mathematics that are required for an engineering student.
Partial differentiation and its Applications: Partial derivatives of first and second order. Euler’s theorem for homogeneous functions (without proof). Derivatives of Implicit Functions, total derivatives. Change of variables. Jacobian. Taylor’s theorem for function of two variables(without proof). Error and approximation. Extreme values of function of several…
Partial differentiation and its Applications: Partial derivatives of first and second order. Euler’s theorem for homogeneous functions (without proof). Derivatives of Implicit Functions, total derivatives. Change of variables. Jacobian. Taylor’s theorem for function of two variables(without proof). Error and approximation. Extreme values of function of several…
skipping merrily along with complex analysis, we can basically gloss over a lot of results since they translate directly from real analysis (because the basic concept of a limit is still the same). For example, we define the limit of functions, continuity, and derivatives the same way as in real analysis. We get stuff like the product rule, derivative of polynomials, etc, as all the same.
Let's talk a little bit about derivatives of complex functions.
The first change we encounter as we move to complex functions is the geometric interpretation of a derivative. My postdoc has teased and teased about this point. In real analysis, the derivative is just the slope of a tangent line/plane/etc (depending on the dimension of the space). In complex analysis, we get two problems. First of all, a complex function maps complex numbers to complex numbers, so it maps a two-dimensional object to a different two-dimensional object. As such, we'd need four dimensions to graph a complex function the same way we graph real functions. Obviously, our universe is limited to three dimensions, so we can't properly visualise a complex function. Instead, we can think about lines/regions in the domain and their image under the function. While this kind of method helps in seeing how the function warps the complex plane, it doesn't help us with our geometric interpretation of the derivative. Our second problem is that the derivative of a function at a particular point is just the limit of the ratio of the change in the function over the change in the parametre. However, the function and parametre are both complex-valued, so the limit (ie derivative) will be a complex number. What does it mean to get a complex number as a derivative anyways? Well...the postdoc has mentioned this problem quite a few times during the past few weeks, and he keeps teasing that we'll get a "geometric" interpretation further into the class. Okay, postdoc. We're waiting. It's your move.
Here's what we've got so far: the derivative of a function exists at a point if the first principles limit exists at the point. Easy enough. Here's a cool result that we get if the derivative exists: let's parametrise f(z) = f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u and v are real-valued functions. Let's say that the derivative exists at c = a + ib. Then, we get the following:
the partial derivatives of u, v, with respect to x and y will exist at c = a + ib.
at c = a + ib, the following hold: ux = vy and uy = -vx.
then, we can write f' = ux + ivx = vy - iuy.
These equalities are called the cauchy-riemann equations, and voila! We see our cauchybro popping up again. In fact, according to wikipedia, Cauchy was one cool dude because he has had more theorems/concepts named after him than any other dude. The proof of the cauchy-riemann equations follow from the fact that if the limit f' exists at c, then it exists no matter how we approach c; so we can approach it "real-ly" by letting y = 0, or we can approach it "imaginary-ly" by letting x = 0. This way, we get the third bullet and thus the equalities listed in the second bullet.
Now what about the converse? ie, can we use these ideas to find a sufficient condition for differentiability? Turns out, yes. Yes, we can. Let's suppose we want f to be differentiable at c = a + ib. Then, we need:
all the partials of u, v, with respect to x and y exist and are continuous in some neighbourhood of c.
at the point c, the cauchy-riemann equations hold.
The proof of this way around sucked hard. If you ever need it, just read the book. ugh.
So another thing that happens in complex analysis is that we can get functions that are not differentiable anywhere EXCEPT for one point. That's quite nasty and annoying and, frankly, it's not even worth it to be differentiable at only one point. So a nice property for a function to have is that it is analytic. A function is analytic at c = a + ib if the function is everywhere differentiable in some neighbourhood of c. We see that analytic functions are in fact infinitely differentiable, which is a beautiful property to have, isn't it?
How do we guarantee a function is analytic on some open domain D? Hey, I see cauchy cropping up again. A function is analytic iff:
u and v are harmonic functions on D.
u and v satisfy the cauchy-riemann equations on D.
What does it mean for u and v to be harmonic functions? The first and second order derivatives need to exist and be continuous, and the sum of the second order partials need to equal 0. In this case, we need uxx + uyy = 0 for u to be harmonic. If we get that u and v are harmonic and they satisfy the cauchy-riemann equations, then we call v the harmonic conjugate of u. If v is the harmonic conjugate of u, we can observe that -u is the harmonic conjugate of v.
If a function is analytic across its whole domain, then we call it an entire function.
So I realise I've been giving our homie cauchy lots of props. Well...he is pretty prop-worthy. But I guess I shouldn't shaft out riemann that much, so I suppose he gets a shout out for being pretty prolific as well. As you recall, we have also mentioned the riemann integrals previously, so he can't have been that big of a quack, can he?
on WolframAlpha. That's Wikipedia's example of a function with two poles (= two singularities = two infinities). Notice how "boring" line-only pictures are compared to the the 3-D ℂ→>ℝ picture of the mapping (the one with the poles=holes). That's why mathematicians say ℂ uncovers more of "what's really going on".
As opposed to normal differentiability, ℂ-differentiability of a function implies:
infinite descent into derivatives is possible (no chain of C¹ ⊂ C² ⊂ C³ ... Cω like usual)
nice Green's-theorem type shortcuts make many, many ways of doing something equivalent. (So you can take a complicated real-world situation and validly do easy computations to understand it, because a squibbledy path computes the same as a straight path.)
Pretty interesting to just change things around and see how the parts work.
The roots of the denominator are 1+i and 1−i (of course the conjugate of a root is always a root since i and −i are indistinguishable)
you can see how the denominator twists
a fraction in ℂ space maps lines to circles, because lines and circles are turned inside out (they are just flips of each other: see also projective geometry)
if you change the z^2/ to a z/ or a 1/ you can see that.
then the Wikipedia picture shows the poles (infinities)
Complex ℂ→ℂ maps can be split into four parts: the input "real"⊎"imaginary", and the output "real"⊎"imaginary". Of course splitting them up like that hides the holistic truth of what's going on, which comes from the perspective of a "twisted" plane where the elements z are mod z • exp(i • arg z).
Apparently this is related to fluid mechanics and also QM somehow? And of course, tachyons!
Angles. All it took was angles (angle-preserving maps = conformal maps = holomorphic = ℂ-differentiable). Compare: diffeomorphism.
