#aron gurwitsch

[anaxerneas]

"The theory of negation must be redone with reference to the phenomena of relevance..."

You will hardly have found time to read my French article. Koyré wrote from Paris that he has passed the article on to the Comité, and he raised an objection: Koyré claims that the sentence "The sum of the angles in a triangle is not equal to the color red" is a true sentence. This objection has made me very agitated, since on the basis of the concepts of truth which are accepted in contemporary logic it is completely justified. In my article I had called the sentence "The sum of the angles in a triangle is equal to the color red" meaningless [sinnlos], since there is no relation of relevance between the terms. After receiving the letter from Koyré I walked the streets of Cambridge for two hours and made the discovery that K.'s sentence is true in the sense that there is no relation of relevance between "red" and the sum of the angles. K.'s sentence is thus true in a completely different sense from, e.g., the following sentences: 1) "2 + 3 is not equal to 7"; 2) "Portugal is not on the Black Sea." In other words, the theory of negation has to be completely redone with reference to the phenomena of relevance, and the concept of truth must be refined in the same orientation. There is a paragraph on relevance and logic in my book. The French essay grew out of this paragraph. I shall resist the truly powerful temptation to rewrite this entire paragraph or to draw conclusions from it with respect to negation and truth. You can well imagine that I am very excited; for at least to some extent the validity of my theory of relevance depends on what is to be found in this newly-opened-up horizon. If only I weren't so isolated here!

Letter from Aron Gurwitsch to Alfred Schutz, December 17, 1950. Found in Philosophers in Exile

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology (Aron Gurwitsch, 1966)

"Every one perceives this common world from his point of view and in a certain orientation; 

this implies its being perceived or, at least, perceivable by other subjects from different points of view and in different orientations. 

Experiencing the world as a common world, one must and does allow for one’s experiences being confirmed, corrected, enlarged, and enriched by those of other subjects. 

Such mutual confirmation and correction takes place in actual intercourse between conscious subjects.

Even if one happens to be alone, one’s experience of the world, inasmuch as it presents itself as a common world, 

is essentially determined by allowance for possible experiences of others with which one’s own experiences must be harmonized. (…)

Under the perspective of the psychology of intentionality, souls prove to form one universal context, unified from within—

viz., by virtue of the interconcatenation and interwovenness of their respective intentional acts, operations, activities, and performances. (…)

Umwelt [the outer world as perceived by organisms within it] has an essentially mental denotation.

As the product of the collective mentality of a community, Umwelt proves relative to that community at a certain period of its history.”

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology (Aron Gurwitsch, 1966)

“Except for a few beings and things which have for us the significance of unexchangeable individuals, in the vast majority of cases we perceive objects and beings of a certain kind. 

We perceive trees, automobiles, dogs, human beings, etc.

In our practical life, we handle the objects which we encounter in the way in which objects of such and such a kind are treated.

Perceived objects appear to us with generic determinations and in a certain typicality.

But—and this is the decisive point—to perceive an object of a certain kind is not at all the same thing as apperceiving that object as representative or as a particular case of a type. (…)

The first step in the constitution of conceptual consciousness consists in effecting a dissociation within the object perceived in its typicality.

The generic traits which until then were immanent and imbedded in the perceived thing are detached and disengaged from it.

Made explicit, these traits can be apprehended in themselves and crystallized into a new and specific object of consciousness. 

This object is the concept taken in intension. By virtue of this dissociation, the generic becomes the general.

As such it is opposed to the thing perceived from which it has just been disengaged.

Now the thing is transformed into an example, a particular instance, and, in this sense, into a representative of the concept. (…)

The disengagement of the generic and its transformation into the general can found a second operation by which ideal concepts are constituted, normative in some way: that is, Ideas in the Platonic sense.”

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

Marginal Consciousness (Aron Gurwitsch, 1985)

“Perceiving a material thing, listening to a musical note, thinking of a mathematical theorem, etc., we are not only conscious of the thing, the note, the theorem, etc., but are also aware of our perceiving, listening, thinking, etc.

Thus every act of consciousness is accompanied by an awareness of itself. (...)

If it is true, as we are convinced, that there may be no inner awareness of an act unless the act is actually experienced, i.e., exists, it is also true that the act in question cannot exist unless it carries self-awareness with it. (...)

Thus by its very existence, every act of consciousness fulfills a condition of its possibly being grasped by an act of reflection; in other words, owing merely to its existence, every act of consciousness is open to reflective apprehension.”

[anaxerneas]

Philosophers in Exile: The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Aron Gurwitsch, 1939-1959

[anaxerneas]

Extending Gurwitsch’s field theory of consciousness

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

The Field of Consciousness (Aron Gurwitsch, 1964)

“Any melody may be transposed into a different mode so that the two sequences have not a single note in common.

Nonetheless, the two sequences are easily recognized as highly similar; in most cases, the listener even believes he hears the same melody. (…)

The founding objects, the terms between which a relation exists, the elements composing a complex, are the “inferiora”;

the relation itself, e.g., the relation of similarity or the complex-quality, e.g., a form-quality, are the “superiora.” (…)

Suppose four objects, e.g., four nuts, are given to form a complex. What really exists is each one of the four nuts.

The fourness which is a specific character of that complex, is not an additional existent besides the four nuts.

In much the same way, when a reproduction is similar to the original, the only real existents are the two pictures. 

The similarity between them is no additional real existent. (…)

Complexes and relations have no “existence,” but they have “subsistence.”

Herein appears their ideal nature. Objects of a higher order are unreal or, better, ideal objects.”

[giagre]

Gli "Orti Bioattivi" e la forza di crescita della natura con il paramagnetismo

Gli “Orti Bioattivi” e la forza di crescita della natura con il paramagnetismo

Dopo l’articolo introduttivo sugli “orti bioattivi”, pratica innovativa che si basa su antichi saperi, il quale ha riscosso un grande successo da parte dei lettori (vedi link articolo “Fatti l’orto….), proseguiamo questo meraviglioso percorso con il Dottor Andrea Battiata, affrontando la parte meno conosciuta del metodo dell’ Ortobioattivo: le proprietà dei terreni vulcanici paramagnetici e…

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