#ayil

[klmutie]

2019 oc art that i’m still fond of

[ayearinlanguage]

A Year In Language, Day 365: A Year In Language Here it is, the final post, only 42 days after the actual end of the year in what experts call a "Chanukkah Miracle". I have loved this project and am sorry to see it end. Reviewing my earlier posts have really shown me how far I've come and how much I've learned about writing these. I hope y'all have enjoyed them, and I thank, from the bottom of my heart, everyone who has encouraged me and engaged with me about them. You have made this truly worthwhile. I long wondered what I would do for this final post, and I think I have come to a fitting end. Here I will give a brief tour of our world of languages, and finally a salute to the languages themselves as a list of all of them and their names for themselves. Thanks again, here we go: The start of the written word begins in either Egypt or Sumeria, some 5,000 years ago. In Sumeria this begins with Sumerian, a language isolate with no sisters or daughters. It gifted its Cuneiform writing system to later empires, notably the Akkadians. Akkadians and Ancient Egyptians both belong to the great Afro-Asiatic family which covers the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Its largest branch is Semitic, whose unique triliteral root systems include languages living, dead, and revived, like Hebrew, Amharic (Ethiopian) and the expansive Arabic family. Another branch, the Berber languages, are still spoken throughout Northern Africa and the oft forgotten Cushitic languages of Africa's Horn. South, across the Sahara, is home to the Niger-Congo family. A thin band running from west to east compromises most branches of this family, with the vast majority of Africa being dominated by the Bantu languages, notable for their expansive prefixed gender systems. Swahili, Bambara, Zulu, and more compromise this family. In southernmost Africa the Khoisan language area, not a genetic family but a geographic one, make use of the highly distinctive click consonants. If we roam back north, across the Mediterranean, we encounter Indo-European territory. As the name implies this family dominates Europe and extends across the Caucasus into Iran and India. Once Celtic languages, like Gaulish, dominated Western Europe, but the rise of the Roman Empire and their Italic language forced the Celts straight off the continent into Ireland and Britain. In their place, Latin has grown into a whole family of Romance languages. The Germanic languages, once isolated and monolithic in Northern Europe, have expanded to every border of the North Sea, including Britain where they again displaced native Celts, pushing some, like the Bretons, back into France. Slavs as well were once a monolith, but spread at the end of Roman dominion to cover the Eastern edge of Europe. If we cross the Caucasus, a strange hotspot of linguistic diversity, we find the largest family, Indo-Iranian. The sister languages of Avestan and Sanskrit largely founded the Iranian and Indo-Aryan branches respectively. The Indo-Aryan languages have distinctively developed alongside the unrelated Dravidian languages of South India. At the edges of Slavic and Iranian territory we find the enormous and underrepresented Turkic family, which extends from Anatolia, across central Asia, and across Siberia. These languages interact with Indo-European, Mongolic, and Sino-Tibetan languages, a true blend of Eurasian culture. East of the Turkic and Ino-Aryan languages the Sino-Tibetan family rises. Notable for isolating grammar, these languages range from the Tibetan steppe to the eastern edge of the continent, and include the many forms of Chinese. This cultural giant has in turn influenced nearby unrelated families, including the isolates Japanese and Korean, as well as the Southeastern Austroasiatic (Vietnames) and Kra-Dai (Thai, Lao). Moving on to the east and south we encounter Bantu's rival for largest family: Austronesian. These languages originate in Taiwan, and spread across the maritime countries of the Pacific, and even Madagascar. This does not include the enigmatic Pacific giant: Australia. Almost all the languages there belong to one family: Pama-Nyungan, which is quite unlike any other in the world. Here we need to backtrack a bit, into Siberia. As the Turkic languages give out, the Tungusic, Ainu, and other native Siberian languages arise, and eventually themselves give way as Russia reaches across to the New World. Here, we first see the Eskimo-Aleut languages, which cover the norther edge of America much as the Uralic languages cover the north of Eurasia (See, I didn't forget them). As we move southward down the America's the languages are stacked, north to south primarily, a pattern that some linguists attribute to waves of human migrations into the continent from the north. Dominating Western Canada is the Na-Dene family, whose primary branch is Athabaskan. To the East is Algic territory, primarily Algonquian. Iroquoian nestles around the great lakes, and Salishan is the preeminent family of the Pacific Northwest. From the Mid-West and down through Mexico is the Uto-Aztecan family, giving way to Mayan and Oto-Manguean families as it the land reaches to South America. Here, the Amazon is another diverse hotspot, full of many isolates. The Tupi language once dominated and united the region, and the Taino languages edged up from the east to cover the Caribbean. On the western edge of the continent Quechua still thrives, as it has since it was spread by the Inca, overshadowing the still thriving Mapudungan (Mapuche). There are of course, so many other languages, and aspects of these languages I have not touched, but I hope this has served as a brief overview of the linguistic layout of our world. Here, now, is the language salute. I have aspired to give the English name for each language, it's endonym (self given name) and family. The Endonym will be given in the most relevant script (except where unicode fails us) with a Latin transliteration. In cases where the English name and endonym line up, they are condensed. In cases where multiple regional variations apply, I attempted to choose the largest or most prominent name. Some script may have been altered by formating, such as the normally vertical Mongolic script or stacked Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Conlangs do not have branches, and have their creator and publish date. Extinct languages are labelled as such, and I have marked ancestral languages extinct even if their descendants persist (like Old English or Latin). Sumerian - 𒅴𒂠(EME.G̃IR) – Isolate (Extinct) Finnish – Suomi – Uralic (Finnic) Irish Gaelic – Gaeilge – Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) Mandarin - 官话/官話 (Guānhuà) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic) Cherokee - ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) - Iroquoian Tamil - தமிழ் (Tamil) - Dravidian Swahili – Kiswahili – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Czech – Čeština – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Turkish – Türkçe – Turkic (Oghuz) Elvish – Quenya – Conlang (J.R.R. Tolkien, 1954) Hawaiian - ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi – Austronesian (Polynesian) Basque – Euskara - Isolate Mongolian - ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ/монгол хэл (Mongol Khel) - Mongolic Amharic - አማርኛ (Amarəñña) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) AAVE – English – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Dutch – Nederlands – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Romansh – Rumantsch – Indo European (Romance) Guugu Yimithirr – Pama Nyungan Nheengatu - Tupian Sindhi - سنڌي‎/सिन्धी (Sindhi) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Aymara – Aymar Aru - Aymaran Kabardian – Къэбэрдейбзэ (Qabardejbza) – Northwest Caucasian Romanian - Limba Română – Indo-European (Romance) Luganda – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Pitjantjatjara – Pama-Nyungan Hindi –हिन्दी (Hindī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Mozarabic – لتن (Latino) – Indo-European (Romance, Extinct) Hittite – 𒉈𒅆𒇷 (Nešili) – Indo-European (Anatolian, Extinct) Yoruba - Èdè Yorùbá – Niger-Congo (Volta-Niger) Nauruan - Dorerin Naoero – Austronesian (Micronesian) Pali - पालि (Pāli) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Liturgical) Proto-Germanic - *þiudiskaz – Indo-European (Germanic, Reconstructed) Sinhalese - සිංහල (Sinhala) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Kabyle – Taqbaylit – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Māori - Te Reo Māori – Austronesian (Polynesian) Cree – ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (Nēhiyawēwin) – Algic (Algonquian) Kashubian - Kaszëbsczi Jãzëk – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Madurese - Basa Mathura – Austronesian Persian – فارسی (Fārsi) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Cajun French (Louisiana French) - Français Louisianais – Indo-European (Romance) Cajun French (Louisiana Creole) – Kréyol – Creole (French-Based) Moksha - Mокшень Kяль (Mokšen̓ Käl̓) – Uralic (Mordvinic) Serbo-Croatian – Cрпскохрватски (srpskohrvatski) – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Lithuanian - Lietuvių Kalba – Indo-European (Baltic) Wolof – Niger-Congo (Senegambian) Komi - Коми Кыв (Komi Kyv) – Uralic (Permic) Old English – Ænglisc – Germanic (West Germanic, Extinct) Cebuano – Bisaya – Austronesian (Philippine) British Sign Language – N/A - BANZSL Estonian – Eesti Keel – Uralic (Finnic) Sanskrit – संस्कृतम् (Saṃskṛtam) – Indo-European (Indo-Aryan, Liturgical) Marathi - मराठी (Marāṭhī) – Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan) Elamite – 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 (Haltamti, name of the nation) – Isolate (Extinct) Korean –한국어(Hangugeo) - Koreanic Welsh – Cymraeg – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic) Bulgarian – Български (Bălgarski) – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Tlingit – Lingít – Na-Dene Hiligaynon – Ilongo – Austronesian (Philippine) Ewe - Èʋegbe – Niger-Congo (Volta-Congo, Gbe) Warlpiri – Pama-Nyungan Volapük – Conlang (Johann Martin Schleyer, 1879) Shelta – De Gammon – Indo-European (Cant, English-Based) Krio – Creole (English-Based) Santali - ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ(Santali) – Austroasiatic (Munda) Proto-Slavic - *Slověninъ - Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Reconstructed) Hungarian – Magyar Nyelv – Uralic (Ugric) Tocharian – Unknown – Indo-European (Extinct) Cornish – Kernowek – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic, Revived) Papiamento – Creole (Portuguese-Based) Tuareg - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ(Tamajaq) – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Nez Perce - Niimi'ipuutímt – Plateau Penutian Urdu - اُردُو‬ (Urdū) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Danish – Dansk – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Greek – Eλληνικά (Elliniká) – Indo-European (Hellenic) Bengali – বাংলা (Bangla) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Palawa Kani – Reconstructed/Conlang Oromo - Afaan Oromoo – Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) Lezgi - Лезги Чӏал (Lezgi Č'al) – Northeast Caucasian Maltese – Malti – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Sami – Sámegiella – Uralic (Sami) Saanich – SENĆOŦEN - Salishan American Sign Language – N/A - Francosign Proto-Indo-European – Unknown – Indo-European (Reconstructed) Mixtec - Dzaha Dzavui (Classical) – Oto-Manguean Dothraki – Lekh Dothraki – Conlang (David J. Peterson, 2011) Gothic – 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (Gutisk) - Indo-European (Germanic, East Germanic, Extinct) Odia - ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oṛiā) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Ojibwe – Anishinaabemowin – Algic (Algonquian) Kam – Gaeml – Kra-Dai Latvian - Latviešu Valoda – Indo-European (Baltic) Chuvash - Чӑвашла (Căvašla) – Turkic (Oghur) Daur - Mongolic Samoan - Gagana Faʻa Sāmoa – Austronesian (Polynesian) Shona – chiShona – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Burushaski - بروشسکی‬ (Burū́šaskī) - Isolate Mazahua – Jñatjo – Oto-Manguean Bugis – ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ (Basa Ugi) - Austronesian English – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Italian – Italiano – Indo-European (Romance) Afrikaans – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Kabiye – Niger-Congo Hunnic – Unknown - Unknown Evenki - Эвэды̄ Турэ̄н (Ēvēdȳ Turēn) - Tungusic Marshallese - Kajin M̧ajeļ – Austronesian (Micronesian) Hebrew - עברית‬ (Ivrit) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Revived) Polish – Polski – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Hiri Motu - Austronesian Klallam - Nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən – Salishan (Extinct as first language) Sandawe – Sandaweeki - Isolate Scots – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Proto-Austronesian – Unknown – Austronesian (Reconstructed) Punjabi – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/پنجابی‬ (Pãṉjābī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Low German – Plattdütsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Guarani - Avañe'ẽ - Tupian Kashmiri – कॉशुर/كأشُر (Kọ̄šur) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Norwegian – Norsk – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Lingua Franca – Sabir – Pidgin (Romance-Based, Extinct) Pictish – Unknown – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic, Extinct) Tetum - Lian Tetun - Austronesian Plains Sign Language – N/A - Isolate Khanty - Xанты Ясаң (Hantĩ Jasaň) – Uralic (Ugric) Tigrinya - ትግርኛ (Tigriññā) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Georgian - ქართული ენა (Kartuli Ena) - Kartvelian Seri - Cmiique Iitom - Isolate Armenian – Հայերեն (Hayeren) – Indo-European (Armenian) Azerbaijani - Azərbaycan Dili – Turkic (Oghuz) Hausa - Harshen Hausa – Afro-Asiatic (Chadic) Chechen - Hохчийн Mотт (Noxçiyn Mott) – Northeast Caucasian Enga – Trans-New Guinea Dzongkha - རྫོང་ཁ་ (Dzongkha) – Sino-Tibetan (Tibetic) Tongan - Lea Faka-Tonga – Austronesian (Polynesian) Nunggubuyu – Macro-Gunwinyguan Swedish – Svenska – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Manchu - ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ(Manju Gisun) - Tungusic Appalachian English – English – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Portuguese – Português – Indo-European (Romance) Tagalog – Austronesian (Philippine) Russian - Pусский Язык (Russkiy Yazyk) – Indo-European (Slavic, East Slavic) Sango - Yângâ Tî Sängö – Creole (Ngbandi-Based) Sardinian – Sardu – Indo-European (Romance) Icelandic – Íslenska – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Occitan – Lenga d’Òc – Indo-European (Romance) Dyirbal – Pama-Nyungan Greenlandic – Kalaallisut – Eskimo-Aleut (Inuit) Tariana - Arawakan Oneida - Onʌyotaʔa:ka - Iroquoian Luxembourgish – Lëtzebuergesch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Lushootseed - Dxʷləšúcid – Salishan (Extinct as first language) Slovenian - Slovenski Jezik – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Malagasy - Austronesian West Frisian – Frysk – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Lingala – Lingála – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Kirundi – Ikirundi – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Rwanda-Rundi) Cantonese - 廣東話(Gwóngdūng Wá) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Yue) Maldivian - ދިވެހި, (Dhivehi) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Somali - Af-Soomaali – Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) Belarusian - Беларуская Mова (Biełaruskaja Mova) – Indo-European (Slavic, East Slavic) Manx – Gaelg – Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic, Extinct as first language) Vai - ꕙꔤ (Vai) – Niger-Congo (Mande) Chichewa – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Palauan - A Tekoi Er A Belau - Austronesian A-Hmao – Hmong-Mien Kiribati - Taetae Ni Kiribati – Austronesian (Micronesian) Ossetian - Ирон Ӕвзаг (Iron Ӕvzag) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Sesotho – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Dogri – डोगरी/ڈوگرى (Ḍogrī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Mon - ဘာသာ မန် (Bhāsā Men) - Austroasiatic Xhosa – isiXhosa – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Nguni) Syriac – ܣܘܪܝܬ (Sūreṯ) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Wu - 吴语 (Wu Nyu) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Wu) Bactrian – Αριαο (Aryao) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Extinct) Ancient Egyptian – 𓂋𓏤𓈖𓆩𓅓𓏏𓊖 (r n km.t) – Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian) Bai - Baip‧Ngvp‧Zix – Sino-Tibetan Kinyarwanda – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Rwanda-Rundi) Esperanto – Conlang (L.L. Zamenhof, 1887) Quechua – Runa Simi - Quechuan Faroese - Føroyskt Mál – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Bislama – Creole (English-Based) Naxi – Sino-Tibetan Albanian – Shqip – Indo-European (Albanian) Swiss German – Schwiizerdütsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Nuosu - ꆈꌠꉙ (Nuosuhxop) – Sino-Tibetan (Lolo-Burmese) Kaingang – Kanhgág - Macro-Gê Chiquitano – Besïro - Isolate Lojban - La .lojban. – Conlang (Logical Language Group, 1997) Singlish – Creole (English-Based) Nuu-chah-nulth - Wakashan Tamazight - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (Tamazight) – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Chipewyan – Dënesųłiné – Na-Dene (Athabaskan) Romani - Romani Čhib – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Okinawan -沖縄口/ウチナーグチ (Uchinaaguchi) - Japonic Indonesian – Bahasa Indonesia - Austronesian Rohingya - رُاَࣺينڠَ/Ruáingga - Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Pashto – پښتو (Pax̌tō) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Chagatai – جغتای (Jağatāy) – Turkic (Karluk, Extinct) Latin - Lingua Latīna – Indo-European (Italic, Extinct) Phrygian – Unknown – Indo-European Fula – Niger-Congo (Senegambian) !Kung – Kx’a Jeju –제주어(Jejueo) - Koreanic Etruscan – Unknown – Isolate (Extinct) Tatar - Tатар Tеле (Tatar Tele) – Turkic (Kipchak) Khazakh – Qazaq Tili – Turkic (Kipchak) Malay – Bahasa Melayu - Austronesian Mohawk - Kanien’kéha - Iroquoian Vietnamese - Tiếng Việt - Austroasiatic Aramaic – ܐܪܡܝܐ/ארמיא (Arāmāyā) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Extinct) Old Prussian – Unknown – Indo-European (Baltic) Swazi – siSwati – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Nguni) Shilha - ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ(Tashelhiyt) – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Tajik - Tоҷикӣ (Tojikī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Taino – Arawakan (Extinct) Chinook Jargon – Chinuk Wawa (Pidgin, Wakashan-Based, Revived) Silbo Gomero – Indo-European (Romance) Bavarian – Boarisch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Nahuatl – Uto-Aztecan Tok Pisin – Creole (English-Based) Catalan – Català – Indo-European (Romance) Nepali – नेपाली (Nēpālī) - Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) French - Le Français – Indo-European (Romance) Bambara – Bamanankan – Niger-Congo (Mande) Arabic - العَرَبِيَّة‎ (Al-ʻArabiyyah) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Domari - Dōmʋārī/دٛومَرِي – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Caddo - Hasí:nay - Caddoan Ladino – איספאנייול (Español) – Indo-European (Romance) Fijian - Na Vosa Vakaviti – Austronesian (Oceanic) Mapudungun - Araucanian Bashkir - Башҡорт Tеле (Başqort Tele) – Turkic (Kipchak) Nobiin – Nòbíín - Nubian Igbo - Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ị̀gbò – Niger-Congo (Volta-Niger) German – Deutsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Kurdish – کوردی (Kurdî) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Balinese - Bhāṣa Bali - Austronesian Coptic - ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (ti.met.rem.ən.khēmi) – Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian, Liturgical) Amis – Pangcah – Austronesian (East Formosan) Tulu - ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆ (Tulu Bāse) - Dravidian Hokkien -闽南话 (Bân-lâm-ōe) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Min) Spanish – Español – Indo-European (Romance) Avar - Авар Mацӏ (Awar Macʼ) – Northeast Caucasian Ilocano - Pagsasao nga Ilokano – Austronesian (Philippine) Uyghur - ئۇيغۇر تىلى (Uyghur Tili) – Turkic (Karluk) Tarahumara - Ralámuli Ra'ícha – Uto-Aztecan Gujarati - ગુજરાતી (Gujarātī) – Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Chamorro - Finu' Chamoru - Austronesian Old Church Slavonic - ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰧⰈⰟⰊⰍⰟ/Cловѣ́ньскъ Ѩꙁꙑ́къ (Slověnĭskŭ Językŭ) – Indo-European (Slavic, Liturgical) Mi'kmaq – Míkmawísimk – Algic (Algonquian) Hopi – Hopílavayi – Uto-Aztecan Toki Pona – Conlang (Sonja Lang, 2001) Telugu – తెలుగు (Telugu) - Dravidian Breton – Brezhoneg – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic) Zapotec – Diidxazá – Oto-Manguean Macedonian – Mакедонски (Makedonski) – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Gaulish – Unknown – Indo-European (Extinct) Beja – Bidhaawyeet – Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) Nyanga – Kinyanga – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Laotian - ພາສາລາວ (Phasa Lao) – Kra-Dai Phoenician - 𐤌𐤉𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤊 𐤌𐤉𐤓𐤁𐤃‬ (Dabarīm Kanaʿanīm) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Extinct) Kongo – Kikongo – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Yiddish – ייִדיש (Yidish) – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Quebecois – Indo-European (Romance) Kannada – ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannaḍa) – Dravidian Wampanoag – Wôpanâôtuwâôk – Algic (Algonquian) Rapa Nui - Vananga Rapa Nui – Austronesian (Polynesian) Eskayan – Eskayano – Austronesian (Philippine, Cant, Cebuano-Based) Navajo - Diné Bizaad – Na-Dene (Athabaskan) Tahitian - Reo Tahiti – Austronesian (Polynesian) Ainu - アイヌ・イタㇰ (Aynu=itak) - Isolate Sundanese – Basa Sunda - Austronesian Saraiki - سرائیکی‬ (Sarā'īkī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Knaanic – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Nicarauguan Sign Language – N/A - Isolate Balochi - بلۏچی‎ (Balòči) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Láadan – Conlang (Suzette Haden Elgin, 1982) Khmer - ភាសាខ្មែរ (Phiəsaa Khmae) - Austroasiatic Lardil & Damin – Leerdil/Demiin - Tangkic Hmong - Lus Hmoob – Hmong-Mien Uilta - Tungusic Malayalam - മലയാളം (Malayāḷam) - Dravidian Pirahã – Xapaitíiso - Mura Sioux – Lakȟótiyapi/Dakhótiyapi - Siouan Old Chinese - 漢語 (*Hnaːns Ŋaʔ) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Extinct) Scots Gaelic – Gàidhlig – Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) Thai - ภาษาไทย (Phasa Thai) – Kra-Dai Rotokas – North Bougainville Klingon - tlhIngan Hol – Conlang (Marc Okrand, 1984) Zuni - Shiwi'ma - Isolate Akkadian - 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑 (Akkadû) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Extinct) Pennsylvania Dutch - Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Udmurt - Удмурт Кыл (Udmurt Kyl) – Uralic (Permic) Tibetan - བོད་སྐད་ (Bod skad) – Sino-Tibetan (Tibetic) Zulu – isiZulu – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Buryat - Буряад Xэлэн (Buryaad Xelen) - Mongolic Inuktitut - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (Inuktitut) – Eskimo-Aleut (Inuit) Turkmen – Türkmençe/Түркменче – Turkic (Oghuz) Assamese – অসমীয়া (Ôxômiya) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Avestan – Unknown – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Liturgical) Uzbek - Oʻzbekcha/Ўзбекча – Turkic (Karluk) Burmese – မြန်မာဘာသာ (Mranmabhasa) – Sino-Tibetan (Lolo-Burmese) Yup'ik – Yugtun – Eskimo-Aleut (Yupik) Ithkuil – Iţkûil – Conlang (John Quijada, 2004) Javanese - ꦧꦱꦗꦮ (Basa Jawa) - Austronesian Nenets - Hенэцяʼ Bада‎

[moonruffian]

Did your voice cast shadows Cast ash on skin A wound that grew From within -Rosetta #rosetta#postmetal#sludgemetal#shoegaze#adeterminismofmorality#metal#ayil#occult#occultart#occultism#esoteric#darkart#art

[kittenqu]

Cookie Anger

Ayil baked cookies when she was upset. She baked for hours to no end until she was forced from pure exhaustion to go to bed. In the morning, she would make Dean drive her too school early so she could pass out every last cookie she baked; God forbid someone ever rejected one of her chocolate raisin cookies. 

Today, Ayil was upset for an unknown reason, and Dean was stuck carrying plates of cookies from the house and into his car. It was a weird way for Ayil to rid of her frustrations, but it was better than hearing her whine about the newest addition to her “hate” list for hours on hours to no end.

[klmutie]

more recent art! all around 2021-2022 

[ayearinlanguage]

A Year in Language, Day 356: Uto-Aztecan Language Family The Uto-Aztecan language family is one of America's largest families in terms of both number of speakers (just shy of 2 million), number of languages (roughly 60), and geographic range (from Idaho to El Salvador). Uto-Aztecan languages are concentrated in the American Southwest and Mexico. 80% of its demography are speakers of Nahuatl, from which the family gets its "Aztecan" title. Other prominent members of the family include Hopi, Shoshoni, Comanche, Ute, Tarahumara, and O'odham. The current consensus amongst historical linguists places the origins of Uto-Aztecan about 5,000 years ago in the Western U.S. or Northern Mexico. The internal structure of the family has been redefined a number of times alongside advances in comparative linguistics. The most secure aspects of these branches are the Nahuan branch, including the southernmost languages such as Nahuatl and Pipil, the Numic branch, which constitutes the majority of the Northern languages such as Shoshoni, Comanche, and Ute, and, finally, Hopi, which has no proven sisters in the family and likely belongs to its own branch altogether.

[ayearinlanguage]

A Year in Language, Day 345: Zuni Zuni is a language native to New Mexico and Arizona. It is a language isolate, though a member of the Pueblo linguistic area. It is spoken by 9-10,000 people, most of whom live in or within the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico. The Pueblo linguistic area is a geographic region of the American Southwest containing several languages of disparate language families that, nonetheless, share a number of common phonetic and grammatical features, as well as vocabulary and cultural concepts, due to prolonged interaction and relative isolation from non-pueblo groups. Other members of this area are Hopi and Navajo/Dine. Zuni enjoys relative stability, as Native American languages go, and the language is widespread amongst Zuni of all ages. Like other Pueblo languages it contains ejective consonants and Subject Object Verb word order. Unlike its neighbors it is not tonal and exhibits "switch-reference marking", wherein it is marked if the subject of two consecutive clauses is different i.e. in Zuni a sentence like "He gave the dog some water and he gave the cat milk" would be unambiguous in whether "he" refers to the same person both times or not.

[ayearinlanguage]

A Year in Language, Day 354: Inuktitut Inuktitut is a member of the Eskimo-Aleut family, of the Inuit branch (more on classification and naming below). Depending on where one draws the lines between Inuktitut and other Inuit language, there are just shy of 40,000 speakers living primarily in the Canadian territories of Nunavut, Nunavik (northern Quebec), Labrador, and generally along the Arctic edge. The Inuit language family consist of closely related languages that exist on a dialect continuum, stretching from Alaska to Greenland. Neighboring linguistic groups can understand each their neighbors, but not necessarily their neighbor's neighbors. The label "Inuktitut" generally refers to Canadian Inuit languages (i.e not Greenlandic) and more specifically to the dominant language of Nunavut. The scope can, and often is, shrunken or expanded to fit the social, academic, or political needs of the speaker. When not under the umbrella of "Inuktitut" other languages/dialects generally go by the name they use for themselves, which is generally similar to "Inuktitut", i.e. Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, etc. Inuktitut is an aggutinative polysynthetic language, meaning that by means of a wealth of affixes and inflections it can create impressively long words with a wealth of meaning. This nature of the language has long caused confusion around the common myth that "Eskimos" have lots of words for snow. In actuality Inuktitut has only a few roots related to snow, and would never need more than a root or so for any given family of concepts; the grammar of the language enables them to generate more meaningfully the level of distinction and specificity they require. Inuktitut is written in a unique script generally known as "Syllabics". Syllabics, which ironically is not a syllabary but an abugida, was created in the mid-19th century by missionary James Evans, originally for use in transcribing Cree languages. Evans was inspired by the success of Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary and derived his own glyphs from Devanagari, with which he was familiar. The unique thing about syllabics is that the vowel is determined by the orientation of the consonant. So "ᐱ" is "pi" and "ᐳ" is "pu". Many people around the globe are inadvertently familiar with these glyphs, as their modular and geometric shapes are well suited for creating many of the popular emoticons used by online communities.