#boundarywalls

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Boundary Walls

Preventing and Repairing Cracks in Boundary Walls

Damaged boundary walls around your property can spoil the whole look and feel of your property. Furthermore, cracked and leaning walls can also pose a danger to passers-by should the wall fall over.

This was a wall that was butt jointed against the neighbour's wall. The danger here is that when the wall falls over portions of the wall will be spread over the pavement and possibly into the road. If a pedestrian is close by serious injury could result! This article explains the correct way to repair boundary walls and install expansion joints! Firstly, if your walls have ugly cracks and broken plasterwork and brickwork at the expansion joints do not plaster them up as shown in the photos below!

This expansion joint was chopped open and plastered up. The joint will crack at the joint again. This is a waste of time and money and will cause more problems than before! Furthermore, the work done on these boundary walls will result in more cracking in the walls! Many boundary walls and retaining walls may fail prematurely due to the lack of provision for movement. However, this is usually not a fault in the materials used, but usually a lack of proper design. Even when the design is correct, the construction of the boundary wall and expansion joints are often faulty.

What is an expansion joint?

It is a separation between two portions of the same structure. A butt joint in a boundary wall is not an expansion joint!

Expansion joints in boundary walls

When building a boundary wall, an expansion joint is a separation designed to relieve stress on building materials caused by movement induced by thermal expansion and contraction. They are therefore specifically provided in boundary walls to avoid cracks occurring in the wall. Temperature changes and seasonal changes mostly cause the movement in the boundary walls. However, expansion joints also permit movement due to ground settlement, seismic events and expansive soils. Many factors dictate how much brickwork will move due to temperature changes. Firstly, the orientation, geographical location and exposure to the elements of a wall will be a major influence. Correspondingly, the brick type and the strength of the mortar also plays a part. Each unit will expand when heated by the sun and contract at night or due to cold weather. However, over a short distance, the total movement may be insignificant. Whereas, over longer distances, something will have to take the strain of the expansion and contraction. Preferably, this will be an easily compressible joint. Furthermore, in boundary walling, unlike larger structures, there is not the mass of brickwork to restrict thermal movement. Consequently, the distance required between expansion joints should be a maximum of 5 to 6 metres. In addition, at a corner or change of direction, a joint should be provided at a maximum distance of 2.5 – 3 metres.

How is an expansion joint constructed?

Firstly, they must start at the foundation level and continue vertically through coping or capping courses. At the same time, joints should not be less than 6mm or wider than 25mm. Furthermore, never leave the gap of expansion joints open. A joint should be watertight by filling it with a compressible material. Notably, the compressible material should be built into the joint in the wall during construction. This is to avoid mortar projections within the joint and filling of the joint with mortar which would render the joint ineffective. The following materials are required to render the expansion joint watertight Joint fillers: The joint filler should be a tight-fitting compressible material in the gap. However, Softboard or similar boards must not be used for brickwork expansion joints. Builder's merchants stock purpose made foam rubbers or sheets of polystyrene that can be used for this purpose. Specialised Polyethylene, Polyurethane and Polypropylene joint fillers are available as well.

This an example of a closed cell polypropylene foam joint filler that can be obtained and used. Sealing compounds: The function of sealants is to seal the joint against the passage of moisture and to prevent the ingress of dust, grit or other foreign matter into the joint. In addition, it should be insoluble and readily workable.  The use of mastic or silicon sealing compounds is ideal for this.

The sealant used in this expansion joint was a grey mastic sealant. Different colours of sealants are available.

How does an expansion joint work?

For example, when a boundary wall heats up, the building materials used to build it expand.  As a result, this causes the expansion joint to close, thereby compressing the expansion joint system installed in the gap. Conversely, when the temperature drops, the materials cool causing the joint gap to open.  For this reason, this requires the movement of the joint material to expand to follow the joint movement. If boundary walls do not have any expansion joints they need to be installed! Cut two joints 12 to 25mm apart on both sides of the wall with an angle grinder, with the joints spaced as discussed above. Chop out the material between the two cuts to form a clear gap through the wall.

When boundary walls or expansion joints fail

Expansion joints fail for many reasons: The most common reason for cracks and the failure of boundary walls are the lack of expansion joints. Walls with butt joints can fail as well.

There were no movement joints provided in this boundary wall at all! Incorrectly constructed expansion joints are another reason for expansion joint failure. Either incorrect joint fillers and sealants are used, or none are used at all. Furthermore, the joint is often plastered over and a joint ruled at the joint. The result of all this incorrect application is that the joint is partially or completely filled up with mortar. Likewise, adhesion loss of the sealant and loss of elasticity of the sealant and joint filler can, over time, result in the tearing of the sealant. This may allow debris and dust to enter and fill the joint. Cracked walls, leaning walls and the spalling or shattering of the brickwork at the joint can be the result of joint failure.

Repairing expansion joints in boundary walls

Tools and materials required: Grinder and cutting blades Block brush (for cleaning out the joints)Paint brushes (for applying bonding liquid and primers)Masking tape Foam backing stripBonding liquidPlaster sand (plastered boundary walls only)CementBricks and building sand (depending on the damage to the wall)Recommended sealant (by sealant manufacturers or local hardware supplier)Primer (if required)Slightly tapered wooden battensCaulking gunSafety equipment ie Dust masks, eye protection etc. The process of repairing expansion joints Most sealant manufactures recommend the following process: If the wall is a plastered wall, use a grinder with a diamond blade disc to remove all existing material and vee out the edges of the nosings on both sides of the joint. If the wall is a fair-faced (face brick or semi-face brick) wall the process is somewhat different. Broken and shattered bricks will have to be carefully removed and replaced with the same or similar face bricks. Clean and wash out all the debris and dust so that the joint is completely open through the wall. With fair-faced boundary walls go to Step 8.Thoroughly apply a good quality bonding liquid to the vee shaped portions of the jointApply diesel or a release agent onto the slightly tapered wooden batten and position it in the joint.Trowel a 1: 4  cement plaster mortar with some plaster primer mixed in and plaster up to the former to rebuild the expansion joint nosings. In addition, make sure to fill in all the empty spaces with mortar.Once the plastering has cured, carefully remove the wooden former from the joint.Insert the foam backing strip into the jointCover the sides of the joint with masking tape.Using the sealant primer (if required), condition the internal parts of the joint up to the backing strip.Fill the joint with the recommended sealant using a chaulking (silicone) gun.Smooth out the surface, leaving it slightly concave and allow the joint sealant to cure.Remove the masking tape. At this stage fair-faced expansion joints are complete.For painted and plastered boundary walls, using a conventional paint roller, apply a plaster primer, followed by an undercoat over the expansion joint repair area.The repaired areas or the whole wall can now be repainted after the rest of the wall has been suitably cleaned. Importantly, don't forget to treat the top of the boundary wall in the same manner!

Fixing cracks in the Boundary wall

Any cracks that have occurred in the boundary wall as the result of defective or lack of expansion joints will have to be repaired. Cracks will allow rainwater to penetrate in the wall causing moisture damage and require additional maintenance.

Don't fix cracks by chopping the open and replastering them as shown here! They will crack at the patches again! Repair cracks as follows: Plastered brickwork Reinforce the wall across the cracked area. Remove the plaster approximately 75 to 150 mm on each side of the crack and remove all debris and dust. Nail a strip of expanded metal or chicken mesh the width of the area to the wall and wet the wall.Force the plaster mortar into the area and work it to match the surrounding plastered area. Allow a drying period to repaint the wall between expansion joints in the wall.

Chicken mesh or expanded metal fixed over the crack before plastering over the crack. Fair-faced brickwork Cracks in fair-faced walls pose a different challenge! Here you will need to remove the mortar joints across the crack for about 50mm deep and between 150mm and 200mm on either side. Drill holes another 50mm deep, one on each side. Then insert epoxy and a reinforcing bar with the ends bent up in a U shape into the holes. Repoint the joint with mortar.

This is a typical stairstep crack in a boundary wall. In this case, the section of the wall should be demolished and rebuilt with a proper expansion joint! Alternatively, remove the brickwork around the crack is and re-instate the brickwork if you can find the same or similar face bricks or reuse some of the existing bricks. Read the full article

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Damp In Freestanding Walls

Do Your Boundary Walls Look Like This?

This photo I took during a client's comprehensive buyers inspection had rising damp, falling damp and penetrating damp. In addition, the white marks on the wall were caused by efflorescence. Often the maintenance of the walls that are attached to or which do not form part of our houses is neglected. These are our boundary, garden and courtyard walls. These walls are very important in that they protect our privacy and security and are our first line of defence against intruders. Unfortunately, we sometimes do not make enough effort to protect them! The greatest enemy of these walls is damp which penetrates into the wall from below, above and from the sides of the walls. Rising Damp Rising damp occurs as a result of capillary action at and below ground level into porous masonry building materials. These material are mainly concrete, bricks and mortar. The moisture rises up the wall in this way. It usually occurs where there is no damp proof course (DPC). Freestanding walls such as boundary and garden walls do not normally have DPC built into the walls because it would make the wall unstable. A layer of DPC would break the bond between the wall and its foundation. The height to which the moisture will rise is determined by the evaporation rate and the nature of the wall. The normal limit for rising damp is generally about one metre above ground level. Rising damp may show as a stain on the plastered and painted wall, the blistering of paint and loss of plaster. A damp area may be evident at the base of walls and in extreme situations, may cause the structure of the wall to wear away and crumble. Falling Damp Falling damp is caused by downward water penetration from the top of porous masonry walls. This is as a result of the top of a boundary wall not being: adequately waterproofed, if at all; properly sealed at vertical expansion joints; repaired at copings that have cracked or deteriorating mortar joints; cleaned to prevent the build-up of dirt and moss on upper surfaces of stone or brickwork. Leaves, bird manure, moss and dirt on top of the walls contain weak acids and salts which can promote decay of the masonry if absorbed. Penetrating Damp Penetrating damp is a common form of damp. It occurs as a result of the horizontal ingress of water through gaps, cracks and joints in the wall’s structure. Penetrating or horizontal damp can be due to your or your neighbour's irrigation system spraying against the boundary wall or foliage growing against the wall (bushes and trees). Other causes are deteriorating paint finishes and inadequately ruled joints which allows moisture intrusion into faced brick or stone walls. Penetrating damp tends to produce localised patches of dampness and decay, whereas rising damp may affect the base of the wall. Efflorescence Efflorescence is where an appreciable quantity of soluble salts is present in the masonry. It routinely occurs in masonry construction, particularly in brick and concrete. It typically occurs during the initial curing of the cementitious product. Moisture carries these salts to the face of the masonry or concrete where the moisture evaporates. As the water evaporates, it leaves the salts behind as a white fluffy deposit. This deposit can normally be brushed off when dry. It usually disappears with time after rains or washing with water. Efflorescence is generally an aesthetic concern and not a structural one. However, where there is excessive efflorescence, the crystallizing salts within the pores of the masonry can disrupt even the strongest material. As a result, this can lead to the breaking up and crumbling of the structure.

How to maintain your freestanding walls

Rising Damp Rising damp is not easy to resolve in freestanding, boundary or garden walls because of the lack of DPC.  However, you can do the following: Make sure that there is no ponding of water against the wall. Good drainage away from the walls is essential. If you have a low point in your garden against your boundary walls you will need to create a hole in the wall at the lowest point for the stormwater to drain away. Your neighbours have to accept a certain amount of your stormwater by law. Try not to overwater your gardens against boundary and garden walls. overwatering will result in sodden earth around the walls and, as a result, rising damp in the wall. Keep leaves and other debris on the ground which may retain water away from the walls. Falling Damp You should waterproof the tops of all freestanding walls with a layer of an acrylic waterproofing system or any other system to prevent moisture intrusion into the top of your boundary and yard walls. If there is a concrete or brick coping on top of the wall you must ensure that the joints form a water-resistant seal. You should seal all deteriorated joints or porous joints between the bricks and copings. Seal the top of expansion joints to prevent water from entering the joint with a silicone sealer. Penetrating Damp If your freestanding walls are plastered, check the paint finish regularly. It may be time to repaint if the finish is chalky. If you have a sprinkler system make sure that you are not watering your boundary walls. Sprinklers heads are normally adjustable. If yours are not, change them. Trim bushes and shrubs so that there is a gap between the foliage, branches and the walls. If it appears that the moisture is from your neighbours' sides, you will need to talk to them about the problem. Clean out and seal vertical expansion joints with a good silicone sealer. Any cracks should be sealed as well. Furthermore, if your plastered walls are covered in crazing cracking wash the wall down. Thereafter, when the wall is dry, seal the wall with a sealer and repaint the wall. Efflorescence Efflorescence is caused by moisture absorbed in the wall evaporating and leaving behind salts in the form of a white powder. Therefore, if you repair and maintain your walls as suggested above you should have very little or no efflorescence appearing on your walls. I am not promoting Prominent Paints as all the well-known paint manufacturers have the paints and sealers that you can use to repair and maintain your freestanding walls. However, there is very good advice in the following video by Prominent Paints on how to repair boundary and garden walls if they look like the photo above!   Inspected once, Inspected Right!® Read the full article

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Reposting @niceasarchitects · · Between boundary walls · Garden & House · Ryue Nishizawa · Tokyo · 2013 · #architecture #design #graphicdesign #urbanism #landscape #hardscape #photography #facade #photooftheday #architecture_hunter #architects #contemporary #studio #art #boundarywalls #nishizawa #tokyo #japan