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Astronomers Discover a Structurally ‘Inside-Out’ Planet IPC remote accessary Nebula

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Planetary nebula HuBi 1 shows a double-shell structure – a hydrogen-rich outer shell and a nitrogen-rich inner shell, after its central star experienced a “bor Industrial router n-again” event. (Image adopted from Guerrero, Fang, Miller Bertolami, et al., 2018, Nature Astronomy, tmp, 112)

The Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) in Spain, the Laboratory for Space Research (LSR) of the University of Hong Kong (HKU), and an International team comprising scientists from Argentina, Mexico and Germany have discovered the unusual evolution of the central star of a planetary nebula in our Milky Way. This extraordinary discovery sheds light on the future evolution, and more importantly, the ultimate fate of the Sun.

The discovery of a structurally ‘inside-out’ planetary nebula — the ionized material that surrounds a white dwarf — was just reported online in Nature Astronomy. This is also the eighth research paper produced by HKU LSR with its international collaborators in the Nature journals since 2017.

The research team believes this inverted ionization structure of the nebula is resulted from the central star undergoing a ‘born-again’ event, ejecting material from its surface and creating a shock that excites the nebular material.

Planetary nebula HuBi 1 (left) and another planetary nebula Abell39 (right, 6800 light years away from our solar system). Abell39 is an archetypal, textbook case of a spherical nebula surrounding a bright central star (a white dwarf), its nebula composes of hydrogen-rich ionized gas. HuBi 1, its central star has undergone a “born-again” event ejecting metal-rich material into the old, hydrogen-rich nebula, has a double-shell structure – a hydrogen-rich outer shell and a nitrogen-rich inner shell. (HuBi 1 image adopted from Guerrero, Fang, Miller Bertolami, et al., 2018, Nature Astronomy, tmp, 112. Image credit for Abell39: The 3.5m WIYN Telescope, National Optical Astronomical Observatory, NSF.

Planetary nebulae are ionized clouds of gas formed by the hydrogen-rich envelopes of low- and intermediate-mass stars ejected at late evolutionary stages. As these stars age, they typically strip their outer layers, forming a ‘wind’. As the star transitions from its red giant phase to become a white dwarf, it becomes hotter, and starts ionizing the material in the surrounding wi cellular gateway nd. This causes the gaseous material closer to the star to become highly ionized, while the gas material further out is less so.

Studying the planetary nebula HuBi 1 (17,000 light years away and nearly 5 billion years ahead of our solar system in evolution), however, Dr Martín Guerrero et al. found the reverse: HuBi 1’s inner regions are less ionized, while the outer regions more so. Analysing the central star, with the participation of top theoretical astrophysicists, the authors found that it is surprisingly cool and metal-rich, and is evolved from a low-mass progenitor star which has a mass 1.1 times of the Sun.

The authors suggest that the inner nebula was excited by the passage of a shockwave caused by the star ejecting matter unusua Industrial IoT Gateway lly late in its evolution. The stellar material cooled to form circumstellar dust, obscuring the star; this well explains why the central star’s optical brightness has diminished rapidly over the past 50 years. In the absence of ionizing photons from the central star, the outer nebula has begun recombining — becoming neutral. The authors conclude that, as HuBi 1 was roughly the same mass as the Sun, this finding provides a glimpse of a potential future for our solar system.

Dr Xuan Fang, co-author of the paper and a postdoctoral fellow at the HKU LSR and Department of Physics, said the extraordinary discovery resolves a long-lasting question regarding the evolutionary path of metal-rich central stars of planetary nebulae. Dr Fang has been observing the evolution of HuBi 1 early since 2014 using the Spanish flagship telescope Nordic Optical Telescope and was among the first astrophysicists to discover its inverted ionization structure.

He said: “After noting HuBi 1’s inverted ionization structure and the unusual nature of its central star, we looked closer to find the reasons in collaboration with top theoretical astrophysicists in the world. We then came to realize that we had caught HuBi 1 at the exact moment when its central star underwent a brief ‘born-again’ process to become a hydrogen-poor [WC] and metal-rich star, which is very rare in white dwarf stars evolution.”

Dr Fang, however, said the discovery would not alter the fate of the Earth. He remarked: “Our findings suggest that the Sun may also experience a ‘born-again’ process while it is dying out in about 5 billion years from now; but way before that event, our earth will be engulfed by the Sun when it turns into a superhot red giant and nothing living will survive.”

HKU LSR Acting Director Professor Quentin Parker is exceptionally pleased with the findings of this international collaboration. He said: “I am delighted by this latest important contribution by Dr Xuan Fang who played a key role in this very unusual discovery of the international project. This exciting result in the area of evolved stars adds to several other impressive findings that members of the LSR have been producing over the last two years in astrophysics and planetary science research. It demonstrates yet again that the universe still has surprises for us. The LSR has an excellent and growing reputation in late-stage stellar evolution, high energy astrophysics, and planetary sciences and I expect this to continue.”

Publication: Martín A. Guerrero, et al., “The inside-out planetary nebula around a born-again star,” Nature Astronomy (2018)

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As router tronomers Discover Two Galaxies that are Almost an Exact Match to the Milky Way

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This image shows one of the two ‘exact matches’ to the Milky Way system found in the survey. The larger galaxy, denoted GAMA202627, which is similar to the Milky Way clearly has two large companions off to the bottom left of the image. In this image bluer colours indicate hotter, younger, stars like many of those that are found in our galaxy.Image Credit: Dr Aaron Robotham, ICRAR/St Andrews using GAMA data

Using data from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey, astronomers found 14 galaxy systems that are similar to the Milky Way, with two of those being an almost exact match.

Research presented today at the International Astronomical Union General Assembly in Beijing has found the first group of galaxies that is just like ours, a rare sight in the local Universe.

The Milky Way is a fairly typical galaxy on its own, but when paired with its close neighbors – the Magellanic Clouds – it is very rare, and could have been one of a kind, until a survey of our local Universe found another two examples just like us.

Astronomer Dr Aaron Robotham, jointly from the University of Western Australia node of the International Center for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) and the University of St Andrews in Scotland, searched for groups of galaxies similar to ours in the most detailed map of the local Universe yet, the Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey (GAMA).

“We’ve never found another galaxy system like the Milky Way before, which is not surprising considering how hard they are to spot! It’s only recently become possible to do the type of analysis that lets us find similar groups,” says Dr Robotham.

“Everything had to come together at once: we needed telescopes good enough to detect not just galaxies but their faint companions, we needed to look at large sections of the sky, and most of all we needed to make sure no galaxies were missed in the survey”

Sophisticated simulations of how galaxies form don’t produce many examples similar to the Milky Way and its surrounds, predicting them to be quite a rare occurrence. Astronomers haven’t been able to tell just how rare until now, with the discovery of not just one but two exact matches amongst the hundreds of thousands of galaxies surveyed.

“We found about 3% of galaxies similar to the Milky Way have companion galaxies like the Magellanic Clouds, which is very rare indeed. In total we found 14 galaxy systems that are similar to ours, with two of those being an almost exact match,” says Dr Robotham.

The Milky Way is locked in a complex cosmic dance with its close compa touchscreen vending nions the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, which are clearly visible in the southern hemisphere night sky. Many galaxies have smaller galaxies in orbit around them, but few have two that are as large 3g sunsetas the Magellanic Clouds.

Dr Robotham’s work also found that although companions like the Magellanic Clouds are rare, when they are found remote maintenance they’re usually near a galaxy very like the Milky Way, meaning we’re in just the right place at the right time to have such a great view in our night sky.

“The galaxy we live in is perfectly typical, but the nearby Magellenic Clouds are a rare, and possibly short-lived, occurrence. We should enjoy them whilst we can, they’ll only be around for a few billion more years,” adds Dr Robotham.

Dr Robotham and colleagues have been awarded further time on telescopes in New South Wales and Chile to study these Milky Way twin systems now that they’ve been found.

The Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey is an international collaboration led from ICRAR and the Australian Astronomical Observatory to map our local Universe in closer detail.

ICRAR is a joint venture between Curtin University and The University of Western Australia providing research excellence in the field of radio astronomy.

Image: Dr Aaron Robotham, ICRAR/St Andrews using GAMA data

The paper “Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): In search of Milky-Way Magellanic Cloud Analogues” can be read here: abs/2012MNRAS.424.1448R

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CWRU Theoretical Phy Distribution Power Line Monitoring sicists Suggest Dark Matter May Be Massive

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In a new study, theoretical physicists from Case Western Reserve University suggest that dark matter may be massive and that the Standard Model may account for it.

The physics community has spent three decades searching for and finding no evidence that dark matter is made of tiny exotic particles. Case Western Reserve University theoretical physicists suggest researchers consider looking for candidates more in the ordinary realm and, well, more massive.

Dark matter is unseen matter, that, combined with normal matter, could create the gravity that, among other things, prevents spinning galaxies from flying apart. Physicists calculate that dark matter comprises 27 percent of the universe; normal matter 5 percent.

Instead of WIMPS, weakly interacting massive particles, or axions, which are weakly interacting low-mass particles, dark matter may be made of macroscopic objects, anywhere from a few ounces to the size of a good asteroid, and probably as dense as a neutron star, or the nucleus of an atom, the researchers suggest.

Physics professor Glenn Starkman and David Jacobs, who received his PhD in Physics from CWRU in May and is now a fellow at the University of Cape Town, say published observations provide guidance, limiting where to look. They lay out the possibilities in a paper listed below.

The Macros, as Starkman and Jacobs call them, would not only dwarf WIMPS and axions, but differ in an important way. They could potentially be assembled out of particles in the Standard Model of particle physics instead of requiring new physics to explain their exist M2M gateway ence.

“We’ve been looking for WIMPs for a long time and haven’t seen them,” Starkman said. “We expected to make WIMPS in the Large Hadron Collider, and we haven’t.”

WIMPS and axions remain possible candidates for dark matter, but there’s reason to search elsewhere, the theorists argue.

“The community had kind of turned away from the idea that dark matter could be made of normal-ish stuff in the late ’80s,” Starkman said. “We ask, was that completely correct and how do we know dark matter isn’t more ordinary stuff— stuff that could be made from quarks and electrons?”

After eliminating most ordinary matter, including failed Jupiters, white dwarfs, neutron stars, stellar black holes, the black holes in centers of galaxies and neutrinos with a lot of mass, as possible candidates, physicists turned their focus on the exotics.

Matter that was somewhere in between ordinary and exotic—relatives of neutron stars or large nuclei—was left on the table, Starkman said. “We say relatives because they probably have a considerable admixture of strange quarks, which are made in accelerators and ordinarily have extremely short lives,” he said.

Although strange quarks are highly unstable, Starkman points out that neutrons are also highly unstable. But in helium, bound with stable prot m2m vpn ons, neutrons remain stable.

“That opens the possibility that stable strange nuclear matiot vending machineter was made in the early universe and dark matter is nothing more than chunks of strange nuclear matter or other bound states of quarks, or of baryons, which are themselves made of quarks,” he said. Such dark matter would fit the Standard Model.

The Macros would have to be assembled from ordinary and strange quarks or baryons before the strange quarks or baryons decay, and at a temperature above 3.5 trillion degrees Celsius, comparable to the temperature in the center of a massive supernova, Starkman and Jacobs calculated. The quarks would have to be assembled with 90 percent efficiency, leaving just 10 percent to form the protons and neutrons found in the universe today.

The limits of the possible dark matter are as follows:

A minimum of 55 grams. If dark matter were smaller, it would have been seen in detectors in Skylab or in tracks found in sheets of mica. A maximum of 1024 (a million billion billion) grams. Above this, the Macros would be so massive they would bend starlight, which has not been seen. The range of 1017 to 1020 grams per centimeter squared should also be eliminated from the search, the theorists say. Dark matter in that range would be massive for gravitational lensing to affect individual photons from gamma ray bursts in ways that have not been seen.

If dark matter is within this allowed range, there are reasons it hasn’t been seen.

At the mass of 1018 grams, dark matter Macros would hit the Earth about once every billion years. At lower masses, they would strike the Earth more frequently but might not leave a recognizable record or observable mark. In the range of 109 to 1018, dark matter would collide with the Earth once annually, providing nothing to the underground dark matter detectors in place.

Publication: Submitted to MNRAS

PDF Copy of the Study: Macro Dark Matter

Image: Chandra/NASA/ESA

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Controversy Sparked by python programming Ocean Fertilization Project off Canada’s Coast

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Workers on a Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation b retrofit oat release iron sulphate into the Pacific Ocean. Image by HSRC.

Last July, a chartered fishing boat strewed 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the ocean, off the western coast of Canada. The goal was to supercharge the marine ecosystem. The iron was supposed to fertilize plankton, boost salmon population and sequester carbon. Currently, it’s still unclear whether the ocean responded as hoped, but this project has angered scientists, embarrassed a village of indigenous people and enraged opponents of geoengineering.

Initially, it was thought that this rogue effort of geoengineering was started off by Russ George, a US-based entrepreneur, who had persuaded the Haida Nation Village of Old Massett on the Queen Charlotte Islands to fund the project with the promise that it would be possible to sell these carbon credits for the carbon dioxide taken up by phytoplankton. It turns out that there is much more to the story.

Infographic by Nature.

Old Massett is a fishing village with fewer than 1,000 people, which embraced the project in hopes of restoring the dwindling salmon runs by boosting phytoplankton, and in turn, the entire marine food web. In February 2011, the villagers voted to lend $2.5 million to the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC) to fertilize the ocean. The company planned on repaying Industrial IoT its loan by selling the carbon credits to companies seeking to offset their greenhouse-gas emissions.

The iron fed a bloom of phytoplankton of 10,000 square kilometers that attracted fish, birds and whales, states John Disney, head of the Old Massett-based corporation and economic-development officer for the village. The Old Massett scheme dumped five times more iron than previous fertilization experiments and no scientists outside the project have seen data that might show whether this worked as advertised. Marine biologists agree that this is sophisticated science, and it’s not the way to conduct an experiment.

The project is on uncertain legal ground, as ocean fertilization is restricted voluntarily by an international moratorium on geoengineering and by a treaty on ocean pollution. There are exemptions for research, but officials from Environment Canada say that the agency warned the project leaders in May that the ocean fertilization would require a permit.

“Environment Canada did not approve this non-scientific event,” s Smart Vending tates environment minister Peter Kent and enforcement officers are investigating. The Canadian National Research Council gave $70,000 in funding to HSRC and NOAA provided 20 buoys to help to monitor water conditions. However, officials from both agencies assay they were never informed of the ocean-fertilization experiment and thought that the work involved salmon ecology.

It is yet unclear whether the project will restore the salmon population. Scientists remain skeptical. It will take another two years to before they find out whether the Haida project worked.

[via Nature]

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Study Remote Machine Monitoring & Maintenance System Strengthens Link Between Human Activities and Climate Change

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Geographical patterns of observed and simulated trends (in degrees Celsius per decade) from 1979 to 2011. Abbreviations stand for the lower stratosphere (TLS), the mid- to upper LTE router troposphere (TMT), a Vending Telemetry nd the lower troposphere (TLT). The observations are measurements of microwave emissions made by microwave sounding units (MSUs) on polar-orbiting satellites. MSU-based temperature data came from three different observational groups: Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), the University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH), and the Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) in Maryland. Courtesy Benjamin Santer, LLNL

Comparing 20 of the latest climate models against 33 years of satellite data has lead the scientists of a newly published study to believe, with a high degree of certainty, that human activities are linked to climate change.

New research shows some of the clearest evidence yet of a discernible human influence on atmospheric temperature.

Published online in the Nov. 29 early edition of the Proceedings of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the study compared 20 of the latest climate models against 33 years of satellite data. When human factors were included in the models, they followed the pattern of temperature changes observed by satellite. When the same simulations were run without considering human influences, the results were quite different.

“We can only match the satellite record when we add in human influences on the atmosphere,” said Michael Wehner, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) Computational Research Division and a coauthor of the article, which involved colleagues from 16 other organizations and was led by Benjamin Santer, an atmospheric scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

Because the differences were so marked between models run with and without human influences, “we can conclude that these differences are unlikely to be due to natural causes smart vending with a high degree of certainty. In fact, in statistical terms, we are far more certain of this finding than we are of the existence of the Higgs-Boson,” said Wehner.

The new climate model simulations analyzed by the team will form the scientific backbone of the upcoming 5th assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is due out in 2014.

The goal of the study was to determine whether previous findings of a “discernible human influence” on tropospheric and stratospheric temperature were affected by current uncertainties in climate models and satellite data. (The troposphere is the lowest portion of earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere sits just above the troposphere, between six and 30 miles above earth’s surface.)

To help eliminate the influence of naturally occurring climate variability, the team ran two different kinds of models: Models that included historical and projected increases in carbon dioxide and “aerosols,” such as smoke and dust, and one without. The second set of models acted as a sort of baseline that allowed researchers to filter out the effects of phenomena such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This “noise” can obscure the “signal” scientists are searching for in satellite data and models. Using this information, researchers were able to distinguish the clearest signal yet linking human factors to satellite-observed temperature changes between 1979 and 2011.

Analyzing geographical patterns of atmospheric temperature change over the 33-year period of satellite observations, researchers found that the lower stratosphere cools markedly in both observations and computer models. This cooling is primarily a response to the human-caused depletion of stratospheric ozone, due mostly to the once-widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in spray can propellants and coolants, among other uses.

The observations and model simulations also show a common pattern of large-scale warming of the lower troposphere, with largest warming over the Arctic, and muted warming (or even cooling) over Antarctica. Tropospheric warming is mainly driven by human-caused increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide.

“It’s very unlikely that purely natural causes can explain these distinctive patterns of temperature change,” said LLNL’s Santer. “No known mode of natural climate variability can cause sustained, global-scale warming of the troposphere and cooling of the lower stratosphere.”

Wehner’s work was supported by the Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program and the Earth System Modeling Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science.

Other contributors to the study, outside Berkeley Lab and LLNL, include researchers from Remote Sensing Systems of Santa Rosa; the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Australia; the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Victoria, Canada; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton; the University of Colorado, Boulder; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; the U.K. Met. Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, U.K.; the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; North Carolina State University; the National Climatic Data Center, Asheville; the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder; the University of Adelaide, South Australia; the University of Reading, U.K.; and the Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Camp Springs.

Image: Benjamin Santer, LLNL

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Scientists Observe Transition State in a vending route optimization Chemical Reaction on a Catalyst’s Surface

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The illustration shows a snapshot during the reaction of CO to CO2, as obtained for the first time at LCLS.

A newly published study details the process used by an international team of scientists to observe the transition state in a chemical reaction on a catalyst’s surface for the first time.

For the first time, an international scientists’ team observed the volatile intermediate stages which appear when carbon monoxide oxidizes on a hot ruthenium surface, an ordinary catalyst. The scientists, including researchers from the University of Hamburg and DESY, used the ultra-short X-ray flashes of the X-ray laser LCLS at the research center wireless SLAC in California. Initially, an optical laser pulse heated the ruthenium surface, thus activating the absorbed carbon monoxide molecules and oxygen atoms. With the help of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the team was able to detect how the electronic structure of the involved oxygen atoms changed during the formation of carbon dioxide molecules – a process which regularly takes place in a similar way in all automobile catalysts. The observed transition states assort well with quantum chemical Android industrial computer calculations.

Surprising, however, was the observation of how many reaction partners were activated in a transition state, and equally surprising was the discovery that only a small fraction of them actually formed stable CO2 molecules. “It is like shooting marbles up a hill, and most of them which reach the top just roll down again at the same side of the hill,” said Anders Nilsson, Professor at SLAC/Stanford SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis and at Stockholm University, who headed the research project.

Free-electron lasers allow time resolutions of less than 100 femtoseconds which are required for the direct observation of such transition states in chemical reactions. These investigations are a central research theme in the Hamburg Cluster of Excellence “Center for Ultrafast Imaging” (CUI), with the University of Hamburg, European XFEL, EMBL and DESY as partners. The group of Wilfried Wurth at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) participates in this project within the framework of their CUI activities. Wilfried Wurth, who is also scientific head of FLASH, considers the experiments at LCLS, which at the same time are a benchmark for the quantum chemical calculations, to be “a first step on the road to a ‘ iot molecular movie’, which allows watching a catalyst working under realistic conditions.” According to Wurth, experiments of this kind, which do not only observe the molecules but also include the dynamic changes of the active catalyst’s surface, will be possible in the future with the European X-ray laser facility European XFEL, currently under construction in the Hamburg area.

Publication: H. Ostrom, et al., “Probing the transition state region in catalytic CO oxidation on Ru,” Science, 2015; DOI: 10.1126/science.1261747

Image: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

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Study Shows Increased Mortality Risk from emark certified Red Meat Consumption

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“This study provides clear evidence that regular consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, contributes substantially to premature death,” said senior author Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health. Image from iStock .

Say goodbye to fast-food burgers and hello to fresh garden salads. While observing 37,698 men for up to 22 years and 83,644 women for up to 28 years, a new study found that regular consumption of red meat, particula WiFi M2M Router rly processed red meat, was associated with increased mortality risk.

A new study by Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers has found that red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of total, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. The results also showed that substituting other healthy protein sources, such as fish, poultry, nuts, and legumes, was associated with a lower risk of mortality.

“Our study adds more evidence to the health risks of eating high amounts of red meat, which has been associated with type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers in other studies,” said lead author An Pan, research fellow in the Department of Nutrition at HSPH.

The study was published online in Archives of Internal Medicine.

The researchers, including senior author Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at HSPH, and colleagues, prospectively observed 37,698 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study for up to 22 years and 83,644 women in the Nurses’ Health Study for up to 28 years who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Their diets were assessed through questionnaires every four years.

A combined 23,926 deaths were documented in the two studies, of which 5,910 were from cardiovascular disease and 9,464 from cancer. Regular consumption of red meat, particularly processed red meat, was associated with increased mortality risk. One daily serving of unprocessed red meat (about the size of a deck of cards) was associated with a 13 percent increased risk of mortality, and one daily serving of processed red meat (one hot dog or two slices of bacon) was associated with a 20 percent increased risk.

Among specific causes, the corresponding increases in risk were 18 percent and 21 percent for cardiovascular mortality, and 10 percent and 16 percent for cancer mortality. These analyses took into account chronic disease risk factors such as age, body mass index, physical ac 4g router tivity, and family history of heart disease or major cancers.

Red meat, especially processed meat, contains ingredients that have been linked to increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. These include heme iron, saturated fat, sodium, nitrites, and certain carcinogens that are formed during cooking.

Replacing one serving of total red meat with one serving of a healthy protein source was associated with a lower mortality risk: 7 percent for fish, 14 percent for poultry, 19 percent for nuts, 10 percent for legumes, 10 percent for low-fat dairy products, and 14 percent for whole grains. The researchers estimated that 9.3 percent of deaths in men and 7.6 percent in women could have been prevented at the end of the follow-up if all the participants had consumed less than 0.5 servings per day of red meat.

“This study provides clear evidence that regular consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, contributes substantially to premature death,” said Hu. “On the other hand, choosing more healthful sources of protein in place of red VPN router meat can confer significant health benefits by reducing chronic disease morbidity and mortality.”

Support for the study was provided by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the National Cancer Institute.

Other HSPH authors include Qi Sun, Adam Bernstein, JoAnn Manson, Meir Stampfer, and Walter Willett.

Image: iStock, Harvard Gazette