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Physicists Discover the Temperature at Which Carbon Nanotubes B Smart Vending  ecome Superconductors

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This is the geometric structure ‘a carbon chain in a tube’ before and after optimization. Credit: Chi Ho Wong

Scientists from Ural Federal University (UrFU) together with their c remote secure networking  olleagues from Lomonosov Moscow State University found out the mathematical method to calculate the temperature at which single walled carbon nanotubes became superconductors and developed a way to increase it thus opening new prospects for superconductive materials application. The work was published in Carbon journal.

Superconductivity is the basis of high-tech. Materials that are able to conduct electricity in full without any power losses due to the absence of resistance are used in cyclotrons, magnetic trains, power lines, and super-sensitive magnetometers (devices used to measure the Earth’s magnetic field). Still, the main issue with superconductivity is that it is expressed at temperatures slightly above absolute zero (-273°C). If a material is superconductive around -70°C, it is aiming at a record. The leader among all materials is hydrogen sulfide frozen under incredible pressure – it becomes a superconductor at -70°C.

“Room temperature superconductivity is the dream of humanity. For example, your mobile phone does not need to recharge anymore and the electricity can run forever,” says Dr. Chi Ho Wong, a postdoc of Ural Federal University and a co-a Industrial IoT  uthor of the work.

The ability of carbon to form flat, one atom thick graphene sheets (separate graphite layers) has been attracting the attention of scientists for a long time. If we roll such a sheet to make a tube, we will get another interesting structure – a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). These structures are highly tensile, refract light in an unusual manner and may be used in many areas from electronics to biomedicine. Atoms inserted in the walls of such tubes may change their properties, including conductivity. It may depend on the orientation of hexagons that form the carbon layer, on the filling of the tube, or on additionally inserted or attached atoms of other elements.

Single walled carbon nanotubes are b Intelligent Traffic Enforcement  eing actively studied as prospective superconductors. However, their diameter equals only 4 angstroms (four tenth of a nanometer), therefore they are close to 1D materials. At temperatures close to absolute zero the so-called Cooper pairs of electrons are formed in them. In the lack of curvature it prevents the formation of Cooper pairs, and no superconductivity is observed.

“Our task was to change the 1D structure in order to increase the temperature of superconductive transition” comments Anatoly Zatsepin, the head of a scientific research laboratory at Institute of Physics and Technology, UrFU. “It turned out that if you pile SWCNTs up, Cooper pairs stabilize, and a superconductor is formed.” Still, even such piles require quite low temperatures to exhibit superconductive properties – only 15 degrees above absolute zero.

Physicists found a solution for this issue as well. They added a one atom wide carbon “wire” inside SWCNTs. The chain itself does not form bonds with the atoms of the tube, but it makes the tube change its own geometry and flex.

When the team from UrFU changed the shape of the internal carbon chain from straight to zigzag-like, they managed to increase the temperature of superconductivity transition by 45 degrees. To achieve the best effect, the angles of zigzags were mathematically calculated, and the predictions proved to be correct.

“Nobody in the world could calculate the superconducting transition temperature of single walled carbon nanotube successfully since 2001. But we make it this year. Then based on our new method, we insert carbon chain inside the carbon nanotube to study the superconductivity” adds Dr. Chi Ho Wong.

Publication: C.H.Wong, et al., “Superconductivity in ultra-thin carbon nanotubes and carbyne-nanotube composites: An ab-initio approach,” carbon, 2017; doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.077

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Liquid Inks Create More Efficient and goose-messaging-   Cheaper Solar Cells

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Diagram showing elemental layers of kesterite (CZTS, left) and perovskite. Credit: UCLA

A team of scientists from the California NanoSystems Institute is using liquid inks to create better solar cells, improving efficiency and lowering costs.

The basic function of solar cells is to harvest sunlight and turn it into electricity. Thus, it is critically important that the film that collects the light on the surface of the cell is desi Overhead Line Monitoring  gned for the best energy absorption. The quest to develop more efficient solar cells has resulted in a fierce competition among scientists to find the lowest cost and highest energy materials.

Toward that goal, a diverse team of UCLA scientists from the California NanoSystems Institute is improving the efficiency of new film materials that are revolutionizing solar cell technology. Researchers led by Professor Yang Yang, the Carol and Lawrence E. Tannas Jr. Professor of Engineering at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, recently published two studies in which they increased the power c DIN-Rail router  onversion efficiency of the materials kesterite and perovskite for making highly efficient and low-cost solar cells.

Kesterite

Kesterite is an inorganic substance (not derived from plants or animals) that is made from abundant materials, such as copper, zinc, tin and sulfur. The UCLA team has developed a way to increase the conversion of sunlight to electricity by controlling the composition and dispersion of kesterite nanocrystals in an ink that’s used to create the film used in solar cells.

In a paper published online August 8 in the journal ACS Nano, the Yang group showed that their ability to control and improve the spatial composition and distribution of nanocrystals in the kesterite ink improved its power conversion efficiency to 8.6 percent with a consistent and repeatable technique.

“The device uses copper, zinc and tin, and we were able to control the ratio of the elements to make the nanocrystals better,” said Huanping Zhou, a postdoctoral scholar and first author of the study. “One problem in the past was too many defects in the film due to the element distribution problem. We are now synthesizing the nanocrystals in a way to precisely control the spatial elements and distribution in the film. This allows us to maximize solar cell efficiency.”

Yang said that the team was able to do a full solution process with the material. “That means that all the solar cell element layers needed — the adsorbent, the electrode, etc., are liquid that can be sprayed or painted on a surface to make that surface a solar cell,” he said. “That could be the roof of an electric car, or a building’s outer walls, windows or roof.”

Yang also pointed out that kesterite is very stable, and that copper, zinc and tin are inexpensive and widely available.

Perovskite

Perovskite is an organic and inorganic hybrid material that combines carbon and lead. Since it was first used as solar cell material five years ago, improvements have advanced its power conversion efficiency to nearly 20 percent, as shown in a study published in the journal Science on August 1.

“We have developed a technique for controlling the formation of the perovskite to make a solar cell with just under 20 percent efficiency,” said Qi Chen, post-doctoral scholar and first author on the study with Zhou, “Perovskite is a very low cost material to produce and is very thin, one one-thousandth of the thickness of a normal silicon solar cell. It can be made flexible, hung on the wall, or could be used to build a solar farm.”

Perovskite also begins as a liquid ink, and the UCLA researchers delicately controlled the dynamics of the material during its growth, which is done in air at low temperatures. This makes manufacture of large-area perovskite devices with high performance levels inexpensive. The improved technique can be used in perovskite-based devices of such differing applicatio DIN-Rail router  ns as light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and sensors.

Chen said that because currently perovskite is unstable in air and deteriorates over time, the researchers are working on long-term stability to make it more stable. And because lead is a toxic element, environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite materials would be an attractive topic in the future.

Yang said that with the competition in low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells being so hot, his team pursues as many avenues as they can toward the goal of having the most efficient, lowest-cost solar cells.

Publications:

Wan-Ching Hsu, et al., “Spatial Element Distribution Control in a Fully Solution-Processed Nanocrystals-Based 8.6% Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Device,” ACS Nano, 2014; DOI: 10.1021/nn503992e Huanping Zhou, et al., “Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells,” Science 1 August 2014: Vol. 345 no. 6196 pp. 542-546; DOI: 10.1126/science.1254050

Image: UCLA

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Exper dual sim  iment Running To Turn Light Into Matter

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The target chamber, where the laser beams are focused. Image: Imperial College London

In laser facilities in the UK, Imperial physicists are testing an 84-year-old theory which was once thought impossible to prove.

The theory of the Breit-Wheeler process says it should be possible to turn light into matter by smashing two particles of light (photons) together to create an electron and a positron. However, past attempts to do this have required the addition of other high-energy particles.

Physicists from Imperial College London, led by Professor Steven Rose, came up with a way of testing the theory that did not rely on these added extras in 2014, and today an experiment is running in the hope of turning light directly into matter for the first time.

Professor Rose said: “This would be a pure demonstration of Einstein’s famous equation that relates energy and mass: E=mc2, which tells us how much energy is produced when matter is turned to energy. What we are doing is the same but backwards: turning photon energy into mass, i.e. m=E/c2.”

A collection of experimentalists from Imperial and Jena in Germany. Image: Imperial College London

The system involves two high-power laser beams, which are being used to create the photons of light to be sm industrial wireless router ashed together. One of the photons has about 1000 times the energy of photons that produce visible light, and the other has 1,000,000,000 times the energy.

The laser beams are focused on two separate tiny targets inside a target chamber, which contains complex optics used to focus the laser beams and magnets used to deflect the charged particles. It is the charged positrons coming off the collision that the team will look for to confirm if the process was a success.

The target chamber, with optics used to focus the beams. Image: Imperial College London

The team, led by Dr Stuart Mangles and Professor Rose, looked around the world for a suitable laser system, but found the most suitable close to home: the Gemini laser at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory’s Central Laser Facility near Oxford.

If they are successful, they will detect positrons, but they will have to undertake a careful analysis of the data before those positrons can be confirmed as originating from the Breit-Wheeler process and not from other background processes, proving the success of turning light into matter.

At the experiment to turn light into matter. Image: Imperial College London

Dr Mangles said: “When Gregory Breit a 3g sunsetnd John Wheeler first proposed the mechanism in 1934, they used the then new theory of the interaction between light and matter known as quantum electrodynamics (QED). Whereas every other fundamental prediction of QED has since been demonstrated experimentally, the ‘two-photon Breit-Wheeler process’ has never been seen.

“If we can demonstrate it now, we would be recreating a process that was important in the first 100 seconds of the universe and that is also seen in gamma ray bursts, which are th wireless communication  e biggest explosions in the universe and one of physics’ greatest unsolved mysteries.”

Some of the detectors the team will use come from CERN, and the team are hoping to use a network of schools students to help them analyse the data through the Institute for Research in Schools, of which Professor Rose was one of the founders.

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Converting Sunlight into Ionic Electricity for Direct Sol Intelligent Line Monitoring  ar Desalination

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This is an artist’s rendition of bipolar-membrane design for ionic electricity generation. Credit: William White

Researchers make considerable progress toward a device that directly converts sunligh industrial automation  t into ionic electricity, which has implications for direct solar desalination.

Modern solar cells, which use energy from light to generate electrons and holes that are then transported out of semiconducting materials and into external circuits for human use, have existed in one form or another for over 60 years. Little attention has been paid, however, to the promise of using light to drive another electricity-generating process — the transport of oppositely charged protons and hydroxides obtained by dissociating water molecules. Researchers in America report such a design, which has promising application in producing electricity to turn brackish water drinkable, on November 15 in the journal Joule.

The researchers, led by senior author Shane Ardo, an Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science at the University of California, Irvine, write that they have crafted an “ionic analog to the electronic pn-junction solar cell,” harnessing light to exploit the semiconductor-like behavior of water and generate ionic electricity. They hope to use such a mechanism to manufacture a device that would directly desalinate saltwater upon exposure to sunlight.

“There had been other experiments dating back to the 1980s that photoexcited materials so as to pass an ionic current through them, and theoretical studies said that those currents should be able to reach the same levels as their electronic analogs, but none of them worked all that well,” says first author William White, a graduate student in Ardo’s research group.

In this case, the researchers attained more success by allowing water to permeate through two ion-exchange membranes, one that mostly transported positively charged ions (cations) like protons and one that mostly transported negatively charged ions (anions) like hydroxides, functioning as a pair of chemical gates to attain charge separation. Shining a laser on the system prompted light-sensitive organic dye molecules bound to the membrane to liberate protons, which then transported to the more acidic side of the membrane and produced a measurable ionic current and voltages of oveIntelligent Line Monitoringr 100 mV in some instances (60 mV on average).

Summary of membrane designs for ionic electricity generation. Credit: Ardo et al.

Despite crossing the 100 mV photovoltage threshold at times, the level of electric current that the double-membrane system can achieve remains its chief limitation. The photovoltage would need to be magnified by more than another factor of two to reach the ~200 mV mark necessary to desalinate seawater, a target that the researchers are optimistic about hitting.

“It all comes down to the fundamental physics of how long the charge-carriers persist before recombining to form water,” Ardo says. “Knowing the properties of water, we are able to more intelligently design one of these bipolar-membrane interfaces so that we can maximize the voltage and the current.”

In the long run, desalination is just one possible application of the synthetic light-driven proton pump developed by the researche industrial IoT Gateway  rs. It could also have potential for interfacing with electronic devices, or even for powering signaling in brain-machine interfaces and other “cyborg cells” that combine living tissue and artificial circuity, a role that cannot be filled by traditional solar cells, which are unstable in biological systems.

“We have had a lot of ideas about what this technology could be used for; it’s just a question of learning enough to cross between fields and make the device work for those intended applications,” says Ardo. “I think this is just another example of what you can do when you have scientists who are trained across many disciplines and think outside the box.”

Publication: William White, et al., “Conversion of Visible Light into Ionic Power Using Photoacid-Dye-Sensitized Bipolar Ion-Exchange Membranes,” Joule, 2017; DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2017.10.015

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Yale Researchers Fi smart vending solutions  nd a Soft Spot in the Nazca Plate

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Using land-based seismic stations, researchers from Yale University found that part of the Nazca Plate weakened and deformed as it bent and slid under the adjoining South American Plate.

The Earth’s tectonic plates may be more flexible than previously thought as they slide underneath each other and dive deep below the surface, according to new observations from an international geophysics team.

Researchers studying the Nazca Plate, which is located beneath Peru, found that part of the slab weakened and deformed as it bent and slid under the adjoining South American Plate. The data came from land-based seismic stations that show how seismic waves move through structures deep underground.

The research appears in the journal Nature Geoscience. The lead author is former Yale graduate student C Remote Machine Monitoring & Maintenance System  aroline Eakin, who is now at the University of Southampton. Other authors are Maureen Long of Yale; Lara Wagner of the Carnegie Institution for Science; Alissa Scire, Susan Beck, and George Zandt of the University of Arizona; and Hernando Tavera of the Instituto Geofisico del Perú.

Publication: Caroline M. Eakin, et al., “Internal deformation of the subducted Nazca slab inferred from seismic anisotropy,” Nature Geoscience, 20 remote diagnostics  15; doi:10.1038/ngeo2592

Image by Lara Wagner / Carnegie Institution Industrial IoT Router/Gateway   for Science

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Study Reveals Ancient smart vending machine   Impact of Massive Asteroid

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A graphical representation of the size of the asteroid thought to have killed the dinosaurs, and the crater it created, compared to an asteroid thought to have hit the Earth 3.26 billion years ago and the size of the crater it may have generated. A new study reveals the power and scale of the event some 3.26 billion years ago which scientists think created geological features found in a South African region known as the Barberton greenstone belt. Credit: American Geophysical Union

A newly published study reveals an ancient asteroid impact that left a crater nearly 500 kilometers across: up to two and a half times larger in diameter than the crater formed by the dinosaur-killing asteroid.

Washington, D.C. — Picture this: A massive asteroid almost as wide as Rhode Island and about three to five times larger than the rock thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs slams into Earth. The collision punches a crater into the planet’s crust that’s nearly 500 kilometers (about 300 miles) across: greater than the distance from Washington, D.C. to New York City, and up to two and a half times larger in diameter than the hole formed by the dinosaur-killing asteroid. Seismic waves bigger than any recorded earthquakes shake the planet for about half an hour at any one location – about six times longer than the huge earthquake that struck Japan three years ago. The impact also sets off tsunamis many times deeper than the one that followed the Japanese quake.

Although scientists had previously hypothesized enormous ancient impacts, much greater than the one that may have eliminated the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, now a new study reveals the power and scale of a cataclysmic event some 3.26 billion years ago which is thought to have created geological features found in a South African region known as the Barberton greenstone belt. The research is published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.

The huge impactor – between 37 and 58 kilometers (23 to 36 miles) wide – collided with the planet at 20 kilometers per second (12 miles per second). The jolt, bigger than a 10.8 magnitude earthquake, propelled seismic waves hundreds of kilometers through the Earth, breaking rocks and setting off other large earthquakes. Tsunamis thousands of meters deep – far bigger than recent tsunamis generated by earthquakes — swept across the oceans that covered most of the Earth at that time.

“We knew it was big, but we didn’t know how big,” Donald Lowe, a geologist at Stanford University and a co-author of the study, said of th industrial m2m  e asteroid. A graphical representation of the size of the asteroid thought to have killed the dinosaurs, and the crater it created, compared to an asteroid thought to have hit the Earth 3.26 billion years ago and the size of the crater it may have generated. A new study reveals the power and scale of the event some 3.26 billion years ago which scientists think created geological features found in a South African region known as the Barberton greenstone belt.

Lowe, who discovered telltale rock formations in the Barberton greenstone a decade ago, thought their structure smacked of an asteroid impact. The new research models for the first time how big the asteroid was and the effect it had on the planet, including the possible initiation of a more modern plate tectonic system that is seen in the region, according to Lowe.

The study marks the first time scientists have mapped in this way an impact that occurred more than 3 billion years ago, Lowe added, and is likely one of the first times anyone has modeled any impact that occurred during this period of the Earth’s evolution.

The impact would have been ca cashless vending  tastrophic to the surface environment. The smaller, dino-killing asteroid crash is estimated to have released more than a billion times more energy than the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The more ancient hit now coming to light would have released much more energy, experts said.

The sky would have become red hot, the atmosphere would have been filled with dust and the tops of oceans would have boiled, the researchers said. The impact sent vaporized rock into the atmosphere, which encircled the globe and condensed into liquid droplets before solidifying and falling to the surface, according to the researchers.

The impact may have been one of dozens of huge asteroids that scientists think hit the Earth during the tail end of the Late Heavy Bombardment period, a major period of impacts that occurred early in the Earth’s history – around 3 billion to 4 billion years ago.

Many of the sites where these asteroids landed were destroyed by erosion, movement of the Earth’s crust and other forces as the Earth evolved, but geologists have found a handful of areas in South Africa, and Western Australia that still harbor evidence of these impacts that occurred between 3.23 billion and 3.47 billion years ago. The study’s co-authors think the asteroid hit the Earth thousands of kilometers away from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, although they can’t pinpoint the exact location.

“We can’t go to the impact sites. In order to better understand how big it was and its effect we need studies like this,” said Lowe. Scientists must use the geological evidence of these impacts to piece together what happened to the Earth during this time, he said.

The study’s findings have important implications for understanding the early Earth and how the planet formed. The impact may have disrupted the Earth’s crust and the tectonic regime that characterized the early planet, leading to the start of a more modern plate tectonic system, according to the paper’s co-authors.

The pummeling the planet endured was “much larger than any ordinary earthquake,” said Norman Sleep, a physicist at Stanford University and co-author of the study. He used physics, models, and knowledge about the formations in the Barberton greenstone belt, other earthquakes and other asteroid impact sites on the Earth and the moon to calculate the strength and duration of the shaking that the asteroid produced. Using this information, Sleep recreated how waves traveled from the impact site to the Barberton greenstone belt and caused the geological formations.

The geological evidence found in the Barberton that the paper investigates indicates that the asteroid was “far larger than anything in the last billion years,” said Jay Melosh, a professor at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, who was not involved in the research.

The Barberton greenstone belt is an area 100 kilometers (62 miles) long and 60 kilometers (37 miles) wide that sits east of Johannesburg near the border with Swaziland. It contains some of the oldest rocks on the planet.

The model provides evidence for the rock formations and crustal fractures that scientists have discovered in the Barberton greenstone belt, said Frank Kyte, a geologist at UCLA who was not involved in the study.

“This is providing significant support for the idea that the impact may have been responsible for this major shift in tectonics,” he said.

Reconstructing the asteroid’s impact could also help scientists better understand the conditions under which early life on the planet evolved, the paper’s authors said. Along with altering the Earth itself, the environmental changes triggered by the impact may have wiped out many microscopic organisms living on the developing planet, allowing other organisms to evolve, they said.

“We are trying to understand the forces that shaped our planet early in its evolution and the environments in which life evolved,” Lowe said.

Publication: Norman H. Sleep & Donald R. Lowe, “Physics of crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by asteroid impact, ~3.26 Ga, Barberton  VPN routerIndustrial 3g router  greenstone belt, South Africa,” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2014; DOI: 10.1002/2014GC005229

Image: American Geophysical Union

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Scientists Observe Self-Healing of a fault detection   Confined Phase Change Memory Device

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A collaboration between the lab of Judy Cha, the Carol and Douglas Melamed Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, and IBM’s Watson Research Center could help make a potentially revolutionary technology more viable for manufacturing.

Phase-change memory (PCM) devices have in recent years emerged as a game-changing alternative to computer random-access memory. Using heat to transform the states of material from amorphous to crystalline, PCM chips are fast, use much less power and have the potential to scale down to smaller chips &ndas UMTS router  h; allowing the trajectory for smaller, more powerful computing to continue. However, manufacturing PCM devices on a large scale with consistent quality and long endurance has been a challenge.

“Everybody’s trying to figure that out, and we want to understand the phase change behavior precisely,” said Yujun Xie, a PhD candidate in Cha’s lab and lead author of the study. “That’s one of the biggest challenges for phase-change memory.”

The work of the Yale-IBM research team could help clear this hurdle. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at the Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering (YINQE), they observed the device’s phase change and how it “self-heals” voids – that is, empty spaces left by the depletion of materials caused by chemical segregation. These kinds of nanoscale voids have caused problems for previous PCM devices. Their results on self-healing of voids are published in Advanced Materials.

The standard PCM device has what’s known as a mushroom structure, while the Yale-IBM team used a confined PCM structure with a metallic lining to make it more robust. “The metallic liner protects the material and reduces the resis compact industrial router tance drift of the PCM, improving the whole performance,” Xie said.

By observing the phase-change process through TEM, the researchers saw how the PCM dev Dual SIM M2M router  ice’s self-healing properties come from a combination of the device’s structure and the metallic lining, which allow it to control the phase-change of the material.

Wanki Kim, an IBM researcher who worked on the project, said the next step is possibly to develop a bipolar operation to switch the direction of voltage, which can control the chemical segregation. In normal operation mode, the direction of voltage bias is always the same. This next step could prolong the device lifetime even further.

Publication: Yujun Xie, et al., “Self-Healing of a Confined Phase Change Memory Device with a Metallic Surfactant Layer,” Advanced MAterials, 2018; DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705587

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Printing Innovation Improve prestashop webdesign  s Organic Semiconductor Efficiency 10-Fold

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This photo shows an array of 1-mm-wide by 2-cm-long single-crystal organic semiconductors. The neatly aligned blue strips are what provide greater electric charge mobility. The Stanford logo shown here is the same size as a dime. Credit: Y. Diao, B. C-K. Tee, et al.

Using a new a printing process called FLUENCE (fluid-enhanced crystal engineering), researchers have developed highly aligned single-crystalline organic semiconductor thin films that are capable of conducting electricity 10 times more efficiently than those created using conventional methods.

Menlo Park, California — Through innovations to a printing process, researchers have made major improvements to organic electronics—a technology in demand for lightweight, low-cost solar cells, flex wireless atm  ible electronic displays and tiny sensors. The printing method is fast and works with a variety of organic materials to produce semiconductors of strikingly higher quality than what has so far been achieved with similar methods.

Organic electronics have great promise for a variety of applications, but even the highest quality films available today fall short in how well they conduct electrical current. The team from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have developed a printing process they call FLUENCE—fluid-enhanced crystal engineering—that for some materials results in thin films capable of conducting electricity 10 times more efficiently than those created using conventional methods.

“Even better, most of the concepts behind FLUENCE can scale up to meet industry requirements,” said Ying Diao, a SLAC/Stanford postdoctoral researcher and lead author of the study, which appeared today in Nature Materials.

Stefan Mannsfeld, a SLAC materials physicist and one of the principal investigators of the experiment, said the key was to focus on the physics of the printing process rather than the chemical makeup of the semiconductor. Diao engineered the process to produce strips of big, neatly aligned crystals that electrical charge can flow through easily, while preservin Industrial Wireless M2M Router g the benefits of the “strained  Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  lattice” structure and “solution shearing” printing technique previously developed in the lab of Mannsfeld’s co-principal investigator, Professor Zhenan Bao of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, a joint SLAC-Stanford institute.

This image shows a simulation, called a “streamline representation,” of the organic semiconductor solution flowing around the micropillars and mixing in the spaces below. The colors indicate different speeds for the solution as it passes the micropillars and gets mixed behind them: deep blue is 0 mm/s, all the way up to red for 1.3 mm/s. Credit: Y. Diao et al.

To make the advance, Diao focused on controlling the flow of the liquid in which the organic material is dissolved. “It’s a vital piece of the puzzle,” she said. If the ink flow does not distribute evenly, as is often the case during fast printing, the semiconducting crystals will be riddled with defects. “But in this field there’s been little research done on controlling fluid flow.”

Diao designed a printing blade with tiny pillars embedded in it that mix the ink so it forms a uniform film. She also engineered a way around another problem: the tendency of crystals to randomly form across the substrate. A series of cleverly designed chemical patterns on the substrate suppress the formation of unruly crystals that would otherwise grow out of alignment with the printing direction. The result is a film of large, well-aligned crystals.

X-ray studies of the group’s organic semiconductors at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) allowed them to inspect their progress and continue to make improvements, eventually showing neatly arranged crystals at least 10 times longer than crystals created with other solution-based techniques, and of much greater structural perfection.

The group also repeated the experiment using a second organic semiconductor material with a significantly different molecular structure, and again they saw a notable improvement in the quality of the film. They believe this is a sign the techniques will work across a variety of materials.

Principal investigators Bao and Mannsfeld say the next step for the group is pinning down the underlying relationship between the material and the process that enabled such a stellar result. Such a discovery could provide an unprecedented degree of control over the electronic properties of printed films, optimizing them for the devices that will use them.

“That could lead to a revolutionary advance in organic electronics,” Bao said. “We’ve been making excellent progress, but I think we’re only just scratching the surface.”

Other study co-authors included researchers from Stanford University’s departments of chemistry and chemical and electrical engineering and Nanjing University. The research was supported by SLAC’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program. SSRL is a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the DOE’s Office of Science.

Cross-polarized optical micrograph comparing a sample of an organic semiconducting film created without micropillars (top) and with micropillars (bottom) at scales of both one millimeter and 50 micrometers. Note the uniformity of the crystals in the bottom image as compared to the images in the top. Credit: Y. Diao et al.

SLAC is a multi-program laboratory exploring frontier questions in photon science, astrophysics, particle physics and accelerator research. Located in Menlo Park, California, SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. To learn more, please visit www.slac.stanford.edu.

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov.

Publication: Ying Diao, et al., “Solution coating of large-area organic semiconductor thin films with aligned single-crystalline domains,” Nature Materials (2013); doi:10.1038/nmat3650

Images: Y. Diao et al.

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