Innovative Approaches to Atherosclerosis Treatment: Nanomedicine and Herbal Remedies
CVD or cardiovascular disorders are one of the major factors causing significant increases in mortality worldwide. One of the major infections in the heart’s blood vessels is atherosclerosis, which is mainly caused by the deposition of fats, high blood pressure, and diabetics. The use of synthetic medicine can cure cardiovascular disorders. Although some side effects have been observed using synthetic medicine. With the recent advances in technology especially biotechnology, the scientific community now looking for new and useful treatment methods, among them Nanomedicine and herbal medicine are some of the significant approaches for the cure of cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we reviewed the current status of Nanomedicine and herbal medicine approaches for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Several studies have demonstrated that treatment has a major impact on the management of atherosclerosis and other related cardiovascular issues. Furthermore, this study concluded how the nanoparticle with macrophage target could be delivered for the treatment of a wide range of atherosclerotic disorders. A more precise solution and cure for inflammation and control of atherosclerotic plaque could be obtained by the suppression of pro-atherogenic macrophage with the nanoparticle. Hence, we suggested the use of Nanomedicine therapeutic approaches for the cure and treatment of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular problems could be a significant solution, although more clinical trials are needed on the Nanomedicine approaches in CVD.
Cardiovascular disorders are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Myocardial infection can lead to atherosclerosis and is the major cause of atherosclerosis (Li et al., 2020). Recent studies showed that about 12 million deaths worldwide are occurring due to atherosclerosis and the percentage will rise at the end of 2030, the major causes investigated are myocardial infection, and coronary disorders (Vogel et al., 2021). The early treatment of cardiac ischemia can be significant in stopping atherosclerosis, cell damage, necrosis, and other cardiac infections (Li et al., 2020). Studies at the molecular and cellular level suggested that atherosclerosis and other cardiac problems lead to heart failure (Fig. 1) (Zhao et al., 2023). The disorder in endothelium tissue in large and average size particles can cause the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in lesion-prone regions. The major risk factors for plaque formation are alcohol, smoking, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes (Stangret et al., 2023). Endothelium disorders are a pathophysiological factor enhancing the deposition of fats, expression of adhesions molecules, and chemotactic molecules which are deposited and buildup in arteries (Stangret et al., 2023). Successively differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, which further form foam cells by phagocytosis apolipoprotein B consists of low-density lipoproteins (Deng et al., 2023). In the vessel wall, the immune cells and lipoprotein constitute the principal stage of atherosclerosis development. Together lipoprotein and immune cells either help in inflammation or result in the evolution of plaque, cell death and neovascularization over a long period or maybe long decades (Lampsas et al., 2023). The major issue related to atherosclerosis is the deposition of fats in arteries which leads to blood clots. The CVDs terms are collectively used for the problem and issues in the heart and blood vessels which can damage organs like the kidney, brain, heart and eyes (Zakir et al., 2023; Hamada, 2023; Asiwe and Oritsemuelebi, 2023).
The recent research conducted on CVD and a report from WHO shows that CVD is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The death ratio around the globe with CVD is calculated at about 18 million people per year. Heart attack and stroke score higher in patients with CVD and one third of these deaths were observed before the age of 70 (Holt et al., 2023). The current treatment available for the cure of CVD is mostly surgery, traditional medicine, diet plan and physical activity, although medication and surgery become a burden on patients (Perone et al., 2023; Tanveer et al., 2023; Fallows, 2023). Furthermore, the current treatments have reduced the mortality rate but they have some limitations. Prolonged treatment like using medication when the symptoms are more chronic due to inflammation and damage of tissue for a long time can affect the liver and other problems (Li et al., 2023; Thu et al., 2023; Farid et al., 2023). Additionally, these medications inherent some limitations like poor water solubility, drug resistance and poor biological pathways (De Rubis et al., 2023; Tiwari et al., 2023; Veerapandian et al., 2023). Moreover, patients with chronic cardio problems need some surgical procedure, although surgical techniques may cause inflammation, a long time for recovery and other factors which are huge burdens. Hence the advancements in surgical procedures have significantly decreased the mortality and increased chances of recovery and treatment but still, the cost is a burden on patients. Hence novel therapeutic techniques like Nanomedicine could reduce the risk of surgery and the burden on patients.
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