#caxcan

[ometochtli2rabbit]

Curiosidades (facebook)

Did you know that El Cerro del Teúl, located in Teúl de González Ortega, Zacatecas, is an important archaeological area of western Mexico, occupied from about 200 BC until the arrival of the Spanish in 1531. It was a ceremonial and urban center inhabited by various Mesoamerican cultures, mainly the Caxcans, who used it for both cult and strategic purposes.

The site features two main pyramids, an “H”-shaped ball set, sculptures, polychromed ceramics and remnants of copper casting kilns, indicating early metal activity. Its most important occupation fell between 900 and 1350 AD, and today it is a place open to the public that combines historical value and panoramic views, representing an invaluable testimony to the region’s pre-Hispanic civilizations. #curiosities

[1spliff]

Everyone drinks chocolate to celebrate the son’s birth, they bathe- luxuriate in the rich cacao but when daughter is born they simply drink atole de masa… Earthly and modest.

[tlatollotl]

Angélica María Medrano Enríquez

Article starts on page 73 if the link doesn’t take you there.

WHO WERE THE CAXCANES? 

This paper aims to illustrate research that is being done by Mexican archeologists into the history of armed combat in the New World. It does that by focusing on conflict between Spanish forces and native peoples of central Mexico particularly the Caxcans, or Caxcanes. When the Spaniards arrived in the south of the state of Zacatecas in 1530, they questioned the indigenous people—using translators who spoke both Nahuatl and Spanish— about precious metals, such as gold and silver. In answer to their question, the locals replied “caxcane, caxcane,” which in Nahuatl signifies “there is none.” (Acuña 1988: 300). To the Spanish, the people became known as the Caxcans.

[historycaxcan]

Language Notes: : Cazcanos y Tochos. Algunas Observaciones Acera de Estas Tribus y su Idioma

“In reality, Cazcan and Aztec are nothing more than two different forms of evolution of Nahuatl through time and space. On the other hand, the fact that Cazcan had preserved until the colonial era the simplicity of its primitive syntax and some of its archaic forms is not a sign of corruption, but of conservation. No one would think of saying, for example, that Galician is an adulterated Castilian or a corrupted Romance. The word "tocho" does not identify the language in question, since "tocho" is nothing more than a nickname that says as much as it does rustic and that applies the same to the Cazcans as to other Chimalhuacan peoples who spoke a Nahuatl inferior in elegance, propriety and purity to that of the Aztec Empire. Let us call it, then, with the Cazcan word that is the proper one, the traditional one, the one that individualizes the language in question and reminds us of the bronze race that heroically defended the homeland against the Spanish invasion, made the Mixtón hill famous and immortalized its brave leader, Tenamaztli.

-J. IGNACIO DAVILA GARIBI, 224

.

Cazcan & Classical Nahuatl are related languages, Caxcan is perceived as an older variant in the Caxcan Community. “The persistence in all these forms, I repeat, does not reveal corruption, but antiquity, and on the other hand, analogy with the other sister languages, which in a more or less distant past separated from the mother tongue.”

As languages change over time to reflect the land, words are expanded/reduced over time. 

Olo - Yololitli - Corazon - Heart

Necti - Necutliz - Miel - Honey 

Mizaczi - Mizatzi - Gritar - to Yell

 Zetali - Tzintlalin - Estrellas - Stars

Zecuizti - Zetl - Yelo - Ice

Zozocat - Coatl - Mellino/Serpiente - Twin/Serpent

Zahuat - Temallo - Llago - Lake

Ezat - Pipiyolin/Mimiahuatl/Tlaletzatl/Mimiahuatl - Abeja - Bee

By the 17th century, Most words in Cazcano were pluralized with -in or -me ending while Classical only pluralized people & non-breathing items when given human characteristics.

Chicahuaque - ? - Casas Fuertes - Strong Houses   

Caltin - ? - Casas - Houses

Tepechichin - Pequeños - Little Boys

Altepeme - ? - Pueblos - Villages

Tepeme -  ? - Cerros - Hills

Totlteme - ? - Huevos - Eggs

Amame -  ? -Papeles - Papers

Amoztime - ? - Libros - Books 

Tepantime - ? - Padres - Parents

Tepozme - ? - Fierros - Irons

Huetime -  ? -Offrendas - Offerings

Xayome - ? - Lágrimas - Tears

Tetaczoltame -  ? -Prendas Amadas - Loved Clothes

.

Caxcan begin with a z- sound compared to the tz- sound in Classical. 

Zacat - Tzacatl - ? 

.

Guttural - sounds made in the back of the throat from the middle of a word

Caxcan sometimes has guttural sounds like -ct in place of the -tl Classical

Mactacti - Matlactli - Diez - Ten

Mactacpa - Matlacpa - Diez Veces - Ten Times

Caxcan Nahual has a gutteral -c in place of an airy -h sound of Classical

Ayohtli - Ayocti - Calabaza - Squash

Ohtli - Octli - Camino - Path

Pahtli - Pacti - Medicina - Medicine

Tlahtolli - Tactoli - Trato - Deal

Tlahtoani - Tactoani - Señor - Man.

.

Caxcan has the -i ending that corresponds to the -in in Classical Nahuatl.

Tecoli - Tecolin - Carbón - Coal

Tecpi - Tecpin - Pulga - Flea

Tuli - Tolin - Tule - ?

Zoyoli - Zayolin - Mosca - Fly

Zuli - Zulin - Codorniz - Quail

Tómi - Tómin - Dinero - Money

.

Caxcan Nahual has a short -li sound that corresponds to the -lli of Classical.

Cali - Calli - Casa - House

Acali - Acalli - Barca - Boat

Icpali - Icpalli - sillón con respaldo - specifically a certain type of seat for persons of authority

.

Honorifics in Caxcan end with -zi or -chi while it is -tzin in Classical. 

Ilamazi - ? - Ancianita - Elderly Woman

Tepechi - ? - Pequeñito - Little Boy

.

 Caxcan does not have a [tl] sound cluster.

Tali - ? - Tierra - Earth

Tenextet -  ? -Piedra de Cal - Limestone

Tetazoctani -  ? -Amador - Lover

Tazocta -  ? -Amar - to Love

Tazotatactoli -  ? - palabra Afectuosa - Affectionate words

 In some placename endings, Caxcan -tan & -ta correspond with the Classical -tlan & -tla ending in places like Mezquitán, Ocotán, Xocótan, Zapotán. 

Quacta - Cuauhtla - Montana - Mountain

Nouns in Caxcan have a -ti or -i sounds that corresponds to Classical -tli sound 

Amoxti - Amoxtli - Libro - Book 

Apazti - Apaztli - Lebrillo - Basin

Mezti - Metztli - Luna - Moon

Tenexti - Tenextli - Luz -Light 

Zenti - Zentli - Mazorca de Maiz - Ear of Corn

Zipacti - Zipactli - Pez Espada - Swordfish

Tochi - Tochtli - Conejo - Rabbit

Similarly, Nouns in Caxcan have -t ending that corresponds to Classical has a -tl 

Acat - Acatl - Carrizo - Reed

Et - Etl - Frijol - Bean

Exot - Exotl - Habichuela - Green Bean

Huilot - Huilotl - Paloma - Dove

Met - Metl - Maguey 

Tet - Tetl - Piedra - Stone

Tezcat - Tezcatl - Espejo - Mirror

[historycaxcan]

Caxcan Words Found In Cazcanos y Tochos:

Algunas Observaciones Acera de Estas Tribus y su Idioma by J. Ignacio Davila Garibi 

.

Acat - Reed Altepeme - Pueblos Amame - Paper Amoxti - Book Amoztime - Books Apazti - Basin Caltin - House Chicahuaque - Strong House Et - Beans Ezat - Bee Huilot - Morning Dove Met - Maguey Mezti - Moon Omime - Bones Tali - Earth Tazocta - to Love Tazotatactoli - Affectionate Word Tecoli - Coal Tecpi - Flea Tenextet - Limestone Tenexti - Light Tepantime - Parents Tepechichin - Little Ones Tepeme - Hills Tepozme - Irons Tet - Stone Tetaczoltame - Pretend to be loved Tetazoctani - Lover Tezcat - Mirror Tochi - Rabit Totolteme - Eggs Zahuat - Sore Zenti - Ear of corn Zetl - Twin Zoyoli - Fly Zozocat - Snake Zuli - Quail

[historycaxcan]

Caxcan Words Found in Spiritual Geographies of Indigenous Sovereignty:

Connections of Caxcan with Tlachialoyantepec and Chemehuevi with Mamapukaib by Daisy Ocampo

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Cacomixtle - Ringtail  Caz’ Ahmo - The Mountain People Centeot - God of Corn Chaneques - Little People Chimalhuacan - Caxcan politically organized homeland (which stretches across four states) Chorrionera - Red Bull Snake Guamuchil - Pithecellobium Dulce Huetime - Offering Huilota - Morning Dove Huisache - Sweet Acacia Huizcolote - Acacia Hindsii Ilamaz - Ancestors/Grandmothers Ilhuicatl - Sky Nautilostot - Tunnels Pacti - Medicine Power Quiyahuac - Cave Opening Tachiwalisti - Time of Creation Tastuanes - Ceremonial Dance Teocatl - Serpent God Teopolit - God Child Tepechi - Little Boy Teponahua - God of the Night Tesguino - Local Corn Fermented Drink Teteotl - God of Battles Tlachialoyantepec - Cerro del las Ventanas Tlalticpat - Earth Tlanepa - Hoja Santa Tlapaleoliztle - Red Cloth for Ceremony Xayome - Sacred Tears Xiuticutli - God of Fire Zecuizti - Twin

[historycaxcan]

Abstract

The Mexican Government federally recognized Caxcan as Indigenous People as of August 2024, twenty-two years after the initial Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) excavations of Tlachiayolantepec. Our place of creation was stolen to investigate our contribution to the Turquoise Trail, yet those anthropologists are dismissive of our ancestral ties to the land, placing restrictions on places of ceremony, harvest, and places of deep spiritual importance. The INHA Museum decided that the Caxcan were no longer part of the historical record after first contact in 1531. The heavily documented Mixton War (1541–1542) is our initial rebellion. After our defeat, we proceeded to rally neighboring allies and enslaved brethren against the Spanish during the Chichimeca War (1550–1590). The INAH Museum and Archeological Department is manipulative in their retelling of Caxcan history to lay claim over the archeological site. Their confirmation bias does not permit them to acknowledge the well documented history of Caxcan lives and oral traditions.   

Books can be burned but words can be carried in secret, outside of the hands of those hoping to destroy others stories. The study focuses on comparing the quality of open-access resources with academic resources utilize a grounded theory approach, aiming to create a database that follows labeling and tagging protocols from the Caxcan Community. The Cyclical Post-Colonial Research method, inspired by a Cherokee researcher, Polly Walker’s Medicine Wheel method contracts with linear western methodologies by incorporation the teachings of the four sacred directions.  

[brwnangel333]

Bought these cute lil earnings w Kokopelli on them today when I went to see Tiatoani (tastuanes) dancers 🌹 I always feel so odd celebrating Santo Santiago with my parents/family. I have so much fun but the whole thing can be hard for me to understand. During this celebration, men (and now bad ass women) dress up and dance/roughly push each other to loud music all to commemorate and respect Santo Santiago. They’re called Tastuanes (they were originally named Tiatoani in Nahuatl). I’ve always loved seeing Tastuanes dance together, it’s one of my most favorite things about Zacatecas. Ever since I was little I loved watching the tastuanes gear up and put on their outfits. I just hate how confusing the tradition is. I hate that it ties us back to our colonizers: [Santo Santiago = Catholicism = religion forced onto the indigenous people of Mexico = colonizers = Spaniards.] But I also sort of like that even though it is very sad, it still has some indigenous roots: [The masks worn are supposed to resemble a sad native man who has smallpox. The natives (in this case, Caxcan people) were all dying from diseases brought by the Spaniards. That's why the masks are also supposed to have indigenous features. For example, the dark wood resembles indigenous skin.] There's a man with a sword on a horse dressed in all white that the natives feared. After the Caxcanes fought in the war with the Spaniards, the little natives that were left all hid under rocks to avoid the man on the horse. The man would throw smoke at them for refusal to surrender to the catholic religion and would kill the natives for refusal to assimilate to the new culture. During the celebration of Santo Santiago, there's always someone on a horse dressed as the man in white. There’s so much other sad things done to the natives that this tradition celebrates, but I won’t go more into detail. Like I said, it’s such a confusing thing for me to feel comfortable celebrating. I don’t think I’ll ever get over how tragically beautiful it is to see these dancers though. I’m so proud to have sangre Caxcan, especially considering how strong and prideful they are. All the fighting they did to try and resent colonization. Anyway, that was just a little rant thing haha. Goodnight 💗