#cells notes

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Organelles

Nucleus -- located near the center of the cell -- contains the genetic material of the cell (DNA) and nucleoli -- site of ribosome and messenger RNA synthesis

Nucleolus -- located in the nucleus -- site of ribosomal subunit assembly

Ribosomes -- located in the cytoplasm -- site of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -- located in the cytoplasm -- has many ribosomes attached -- site of protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum -- located in the cytoplasm -- site of lipid synthesis -- participates in detoxification

Golgi Apparatus -- located in the cytoplasm -- modifies protein structure -- packages proteins in secretory vesicles

Secretory Vesicle -- located in the cytoplasm -- contains materials produced in the cell -- formed by the Golgi apparatus -- secreted by exocytosis

Lysosome -- located in the cytoplasm -- contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

Mitochondria -- located in the cytoplasm -- site of aerobic respiration -- major site of ATP synthesis

Microtubule -- located in the cytoplasm -- supports cytoplasm -- assists in cell division -- forms components of cilia and flagella

Centrioles -- located in the cytoplasm -- facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Cilia -- located on the cell surface with many on each cell -- move substances over the surface of certain cells

Flagella -- located on sperm cells -- one per cell -- propels sperm cell

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Tight Junctions

-- belts of protein isolate parts of the plasma membrane

-- the intercellular space disappears when the two adjacent membranes lie adjacent

-- function:      -- form a barrier prohibiting movement of substances between cells

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Stem Cells

-- undifferentiated cells

-- multipotent

-- can turn into different cells

-- found in      -- blood      -- bone marrow      -- fat tissue      -- embryos

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Eosinophil

-- a type of white blood cell

-- 1% to 3% in peripheral blood

-- bilobed nucleus

-- nucleus is spectacle-shaped

-- small cytoplasmic granules

-- bright pink cytoplasmic granules

-- eats the bad cell and releases toxic content

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Exotoxin

-- toxin

-- secreted by bacteria

-- can damage host      -- destroy cells      -- disrupt normal metabolism

-- highly potent

-- may also be released during death of the cell, like endotoxins

-- type 1 = signal at host cell membranes

-- type 2 = damage membranes

-- type 3 = enter cells and directly alter their function

-- lethal toxin      -- lethal factor      -- protective antigen

-- edema toxin      -- edema factor      -- protective antigen

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