#bacteria notes

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Staphylococcus and Food Poisoning

-- foods can become infected with staphylococcus, a bacteria

-- eating infected food causes food poisoning

-- someone with food poisoning will begin to feel sick 1 to 6 hours after eating the infected food

-- the illness lasts about 1 to 3 days

-- the illness is not contagious

-- staphylococcus bacteria release toxins that make someone sick

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Common Antibiotics

Penicillin -- inhibits cell wall synthesis -- targets gram-positive bacteria

Ampicillin -- inhibits cell wall synthesis -- targets broad spectrum of bacteria

Bacitracin -- inhibits cell wall synthesis -- targets gram-positive bacteria

Cephalosporin -- inhibits cell wall synthesis -- targets gram-positive bacteria

Tetracycline -- inhibits protein synthesis -- targets broad spectrum of bacteria

Streptomycin -- inhibits protein synthesis -- targets gram-negative bacteria and tuberculosis

Sulfa Drug -- inhibits cell metabolism -- targets bacterial meningitis and urinary tract infections

Rifampirin -- inhibits RNA synthesis -- targets gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Quinolones -- inhibits DNA synthesis -- targets urinary tract infections

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Gram Staining

-- invented by Hans Christian Gram in 1884

-- helped distinguish groups of bacteria

-- identifies cells based on their ability to absorb certain dyes

-- gram-positive = cell does not remove the dye

-- gram-negative = cell does not hold dye, and is stained with a counterstain

-- cell walls that absorb the dye are made of peptidoglycans

-- alcohol does not remove this dye

-- lipopolysaccharides do not hold the dye

-- these are bleached with alcohol easily

-- gram-negative examples      -- pseudomonas      -- legionella      -- hemophilus

-- gram-positive examples      -- staphylococcus      -- clostridium      -- listeria

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Bacterial Pathogen Examples

-- tuberculosis

-- anthrax

-- staph

-- e. coli

-- typhoid

-- salmonella

-- urinary tract infection

-- peritonitis

-- strep throat

-- stomach ulcers

-- tularemia

-- lyme disease

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Exotoxin

-- toxin

-- secreted by bacteria

-- can damage host      -- destroy cells      -- disrupt normal metabolism

-- highly potent

-- may also be released during death of the cell, like endotoxins

-- type 1 = signal at host cell membranes

-- type 2 = damage membranes

-- type 3 = enter cells and directly alter their function

-- lethal toxin      -- lethal factor      -- protective antigen

-- edema toxin      -- edema factor      -- protective antigen

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Bacteria