Sep 10, 2020
“The Thinker of Cernavoda” and “The Sitting Woman of Cernavoda,”
Hamangia culture, Romania, C. 5000 BCE
Terracotta Sculptures,
Height 4 1/2″ (11.5 centimeters).
National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest.
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“The Thinker of Cernavoda” and “The Sitting Woman of Cernavoda,”
Hamangia culture, Romania, C. 5000 BCE
Terracotta Sculptures,
Height 4 1/2″ (11.5 centimeters).
National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest.
Lava cake
( 09/08/19)
CFRMarfa & Nacco tarps in traffic.
2015 Anghel Saligny Bridge, Cernavoda, Romania.
Both Cernavodă reactors went simultaneously offline for the first time in history. Prices hit 140 EUR/MWh. Romania became Europe’s most expe
Here is the question that must be answered : is the purpose of an electric power system to supply consumers with reliable, reasonably–priced energy to support their activities, many of which are profit–making, while others are socially important in other ways? Or is it to provide arbitrageurs with an opportunity to skim off wealth?
If your answer is the latter, then the combination of generation which is not correlated with demand, auction pricing, and time–shifting storage is practically ideal. If your answer is the former, however, then the central–station utility model of vertically–integrated supply systems with rolled–in pricing has a great deal more going for it.
The genesis of the electricity–market model lies in the 1970s, when economists in the USA took great offense to the fact that the unit cost of generating electricity had monotonically declined since central–station power was first introduced nearly a hundred years before. This could not possibly continue, they said, and therefore pricing the kilowatt–hour based on the average cost of generation was inefficient and even unjust. Yes, so far, new generating units added to power systems had consistenly supplied power at a cost lower than the average, but when that stopped being true, the utility business model would collapse.
They also saw the very large investments being made in large generating units (to produce power at the lowest cost), distribution systems (to supply plenty of power to all consumers), and transmission and intertie systems (to improve both generator loading and system reliability), and said that these must be inefficient and a wrong allocation of resources. Pricing electricity according to the marginal rather than the average cost of supply, the cost of the last unit generated to meet the demand, would discourage wasteful and unnecessary electrification and therefore curtail these investments.
The fact that electrification was consistently associated with a more efficient use of primary energy, and greater productivity and profitability in industry, was irrelevant to these theoreticians. Likewise they either did not believe that engineers were prepared to continue driving down the cost of the kWh, or they simply did not care. And so their prophecy became self–fulfilling, because continuing to lower the cost of power depended on very large unit investments in large nuclear central stations, and particularly in breeder reactors (which virtually eliminate the resource cost of fuel, leaving only the processing and fabrication costs, which can be reduced with improved technology and larger scale), which vertically–integrated utilities could make, but generating companies in power markets could not.
Now, you may wonder how this was sold to the public. To a great extent, it required resentment of the electricity monopolies, which in the USA was stirred up by many of the investor–owned utilities themselves (notably PG&E) in their struggle against public power in the 1950s and 1960s, and stigmatizing nuclear central stations creations of scientific hubris. And then all it took was the promise of turning the tables by getting the power company to pay you for kilowatt–hours generated with rooftop solar or a backyard wind machine or whatever (in Germany, the case of a farmer who wanted to connect his tiny hydro dam to the grid was massively publicized), to spark the cupidity of the many people who cannot tell the difference between profiting because everyone is doing better, and profiting at the expense of one’s neighbour.
It is hard to doubt that we are all worse off, socially, economically, and environmentally, for following this advice. But the economists insist that this is the better outcome, because it is in line with their theories, which by definition produce the optimal results. Does this not sound like some kind of weird religion?
Rețineri la Constanța pentru exploatarea sexuală a unei minore de 13 ani
Probleme tehnice la Unitatea 2 a Centralei Nucleare de la Cernavodă ! Reactorul s-a deconectat de la Sistemul Energetic National
Probleme tehnice la Unitatea 2 a Centralei Nucleare de la Cernavodă ! Reactorul s-a deconectat de la Sistemul Energetic National
Reactorul 2 al Centralei Nucleare de la Cernavodă s-a deconectat automat de la Sistemul Energetic National sâmbătă dimineață din cauza apariției unei „disfunctionalități în partea clasică a unității, fără impact pe partea nucleară”, anunță compania Nuclearelectrica.
Anul trecut, Unitatea 2 a avut o oprire planificată de 350 de ore, la care s-au adăugat aproape 100 de ore de oprire neplanificată.…
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Probleme tehnice la Unitatea 2 a Centralei Nucleare de la Cernavodă ! Reactorul s-a deconectat de la Sistemul Energetic National
Probleme tehnice la Unitatea 2 a Centralei Nucleare de la Cernavodă ! Reactorul s-a deconectat de la Sistemul Energetic National
Reactorul 2 al Centralei Nucleare de la Cernavodă s-a deconectat automat de la Sistemul Energetic National sâmbătă dimineață din cauza apariției unei „disfunctionalități în partea clasică a unității, fără impact pe partea nucleară”, anunță compania Nuclearelectrica.
Anul trecut, Unitatea 2 a avut o oprire planificată de 350 de ore, la care s-au adăugat aproape 100 de ore de oprire neplanificată.…
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Ministrul Economiei, Energiei si Mediului de Afaceri, Virgil Popescu : Este strigator la cer ce s-a intamplat, am ajuns sa importam energie!
Ministrul Economiei, Energiei si Mediului de Afaceri, Virgil Popescu : Este strigator la cer ce s-a intamplat, am ajuns sa importam energie!
In ultimii 10 ani nu s-a construit nicio capacitate noua de producere a energiei electrice in Romania si este strigator la cer ce s-a intamplat, pentru ca am ajuns sa importam energie, a declarat, miercuri seara, ministrul Economiei, Energiei si Mediului de Afaceri, Virgil Popescu.
“Energia este o alta zona strategica a Romaniei si nu cred ca se pune problema sa nu putem construi noi capacitati…
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