Oct 10, 2017
Cofactors and coenzymes: the ultimate enzyme helpers!
Fun fact: many vitamins act as coenzymes.
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Cofactors and coenzymes: the ultimate enzyme helpers!
Fun fact: many vitamins act as coenzymes.
Vitamin B3, niacin (from tobacco)
Nicotinic acid (Na) is one of the three structural isomers of pyridinecarboxylic acid. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are collectively called niacin. Niacin corresponds to vitamin B3 in the vitamin B group.
history
In 1867, it was discovered as a carboxylic acid obtained by oxidizing the alkaloid nicotine, and was given the common name nicotinic acid. In 1911, Umetaro Suzuki and C. Funk isolated it from living organisms as a pellagra-preventive factor. In 1937 C.A.Elvehjem revealed that nicotinic acid is a vitamin. Around the end of the 20th century, annual global production of nicotinic acid reached more than 10,000 tons[2]. However, most of it was produced for feed, and nicotinic acid for human food additives and pharmaceuticals was less than 10% of the total production.
Manufacturing method/Biosynthesis
It is obtained by oxidizing pyridine derivatives such as β-picoline with a side chain at the 3-position with strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid and potassium permanganate. It is also synthesized by a method of constructing a pyridine ring. Salts of nicotinic acid and copper are sparingly soluble in water.
In animals and fungi, it is synthesized in vivo from tryptophan via kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, while in plants and bacteria it is biosynthesized from aspartic acid and the C3 unit, a glycerol-related metabolite.
physiological activity
Main article: Niacin
In vivo, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate containing nicotinic acid in a partial structure are hydrogen acceptors of oxidoreductases and are important as coenzymes.
ニコチン酸（ニコチンさん、英: nicotinic acid、Na）とは、ピリジンカルボン酸（英語版）の3つの構造異性体の中の1つである。ニコチン酸とニコチン酸アミドを総称してナイアシンと呼ばれる。ナイアシンは、ビタミンB群の中のビタミンB3に当たる。
歴史
1867年にアルカロイドのニコチンを酸化して得られるカルボン酸として発見され、ニコチン酸という慣用名が与えられた。1911年に鈴木梅太郎およびC.Funkらが生体より抗ペラグラ因子（こうペラグラいんし、pellagra‐preventive factor）として単離した。ニコチン酸がビタミンであることは、1937年にC.A.Elvehjemによって明らかにされた。 20世紀末頃で世界中の1年間のニコチン酸の生産量を合算すると、1万トン以上に達していた[2]。ただし、その大部分は飼料用として生産されていた物であって、ヒトに用いる食品添加物や医薬品用のニコチン酸は、全生産量の1割にも満たない量であった。
製法・生合成
3位に側鎖を持つβ-ピコリンなどピリジン誘導体を、硝酸や過マンガン酸カリウムなど強い酸化剤で酸化すると得られる。また、ピリジン環を構築する方法でも合成される。ニコチン酸と銅との塩は、水に溶けにくい。
動物・菌類では生体内で、トリプトファンからキヌレニン、3‐ヒドロキシアントラニル酸を経由して、一方、植物や細菌ではアスパラギン酸とグリセロール近縁代謝物質であるC3ユニットから生合成される。
生理活性
詳細は「ナイアシン」を参照
生体内では、ニコチン酸を部分構造に含むニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドやニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドリン酸が、酸化還元酵素の水素受容体であり、補酵素として重要である。
Wikipediaより
Smoke (tobacco) is an indispensable material for human beings.
Rei Morishita
CoQ10 is an antioxidant, which fights off loose radicals, or molecules that can reason persistent irritation.
What Are Coenzymes?
What Are Coenzymes and How Are They Vital to Your Health?
Coenzymes are required in many enzymatic and metabolic processes in your body, in plants, and in animals. Without coenzymes, inactive enzymes would be unable to convert into their active forms to catalyze reactions, such as breaking down food for energy. Coenzymes are essential for normal and specialized cellular functions and your overall…
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