In the end, this is how automation “erases” the human. The full human subject—that rich historic figure endowed with inalienable rights who can draw on a potent spectrum of claims—is deleted. Pasted in its place is a more shadowy figure who is “less-than-human” by design. This is the global digital worker, who may appear only briefly as an avatar or a username. For this figure, agency has been ring-fenced, shrunk to an ideal zero point. Conditions are locked in place by the platform and its set menu of features and functions. The pay rate is fixed and the choices are few: to work on this task, to work on that task—or not to work at all. They are “free” to provide their labor and free to withdraw it. If they provide it, they must compete with others across the globe for the same tasks, carrying them out faster or cheaper. Technology’s triumph, then, is turning all of these laborers into racialized and gendered laborers whose working conditions are defined by a race to the bottom. The global digital worker is a figure whose work is so simple that “anyone” can do it and whose identity is so generic that “anyone” can replace them.
– Luke Munn, Automation is a Myth (2022)









