作為2019年美國國防授權法案（NDAA，編號115-232 , National Defense Authorization Act ( NDAA ) for Fiscal Year 2019）的一部分，美國國會制定了2018年出口管制法（ECA）。
As part of the National Defense Authorization Act (“NDAA”) for Fiscal Year 2019, Public Law No: 115-232, Congress enacted the Export Control
[1-- ]
https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5515/text
[2-- ]
https://www.congress.gov/115/statute/STATUTE-132/STATUTE-132-Pg1636.pdf
該立法的一個主要目的是加強保護美國的技術資源，具體方法是更多地限制向外國人轉移（特別是經由出口到中國的方式轉移），包括通過合資轉移，某些對美國國家安全和網絡安全至關重要的關鍵新興和基礎性技術，包括技術能力、規格和相關知識儲備。ECA 體現了關鍵技術和基礎設施重要性在國家安全中不斷增長的考量，對美國出口管控作出重大改變（主要是為了回應中國提出的挑戰），并通過把新興技術與國家安全的結合，擴展了美國國家政策在廣泛的範圍內保護美國國家安全利益。
ECA 為美國目前的商用和軍民兩用的產品、服務和技術（為方便起見，下文統稱“物品”）的出口管制建立了長久的成文法依據——即，由美國商務部（DOC）工業安全局（BIS）根據出口管理條例實施(EAR)。ECA廢除并取代了1979年的出口管理法案，該法案直到1994年過期之前，一直是軍民兩用產品和服務出口管制的成文法依據；在1994年期滿后，該法案一直通過由總統根據國際緊急經濟權力法案（IEEPA）簽發行政命令的方式逐年延期。
ECA 很大程度上延續了現行的，由BIS對出口、復出口和國內移轉（統稱為出口）根據國家安全和對外政策確定受美國管轄的物品進行管控的機制。ECA規定，除非根據ECA授權而特別修改、替代、擱置或撤銷，所有現存的BIS法規、命令、決定、許可或其他行政行為仍然有效。https://www.dwt.com/insights/2018/09/congress-enacts-the-export-controls-act-of-2018-ex
根據ECA，DOC不可以對現存的豁免產品和服務施加出口管制，例如人道主義救援和其他信息材料。
As part of the National Defense Authorization Act (“NDAA”) for Fiscal Year 2019, Public Law No: 115-232, Congress enacted the Export Controls Act of 2018 (“ECA”).
1 A principal purpose of the legislation is to enhance protection of U.S. technology resources by imposing greater restrictions on transfer to foreign persons – particularly through exports to China -- of certain key emerging and foundational technologies and cybersecurity considered critical to U.S. national security, including technical capabilities, specifications and related knowledge, including through joint ventures. ECA reflects evolving U.S. national security concerns over the importance of critical technology and infrastructure, makes significant changes to U.S. export controls largely in response to perceived challenges presented by China, and by linking national security and emerging technologies, broadens U.S. policy to protect a wider scope of national security interests.
https://www.jdsupra.com/topics/export-controls/national-security/ndaa/
ECA establishes permanent statutory authority for current U.S. export controls on commercial and dual-use items – those with both civilian and military applications – enforced by U.S. Department of Commerce (“DoC”) Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) through the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”). ECA repeals and replaces the Export Administration Act of 1979, which was the statutory authority for dual-use export controls until it lapsed in 1994, and which has been continued every year since by Executive Order of the President under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”).
ECA largely continues the current BIS controls on the export, reexport and in-country transfer (collectively, “export”) of items subject to U.S. jurisdiction for national security and foreign policy concerns. ECA provides that all existing BIS regulations, orders, determinations, licenses or other administrative actions remain in effect until specifically modified, superseded, set aside or revoked under the authority of ECA. Under ECA, the DoC may not impose export controls on currently exempt items such as humanitarian aid and some informational materials.
制裁入門：美國如何利用限制性機制來推進外交政策或國家安全目標 2023 年 11 月 6 日
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47829/2
Sanctions Primer: How the United States Uses Restrictive Mechanisms to Advance Foreign Policy or National Security Objectives November 6, 2023
在《2018 財政年度國防授權法案》（2018 NDAA；Pub. L. No. 115-91）中，美國將與華為相關的限制納入聯邦法律，超出了撥款範圍。 2018 年國防授權法案禁止國防部從華為和其他公司採購某些電信設備或服務，作為國防部與核威懾和國土防禦相關任務的一部分。 與先前的撥款條款不同，2018 年 NDAA 在立法中點名華為。 2018 年 NDAA 禁止國防部採購、取得、延長或續約包含華為、中興通訊或國防部長有理由相信其擁有、控製或「以其他方式關聯」的任何實體提供的電信設備或服務的合約。政府。 為了符合 2018 年 NDAA 的要求，電信設備或服務必須是為國防部提供核子威懾或國土防禦任務的系統的實質或必要組成部分或關鍵技術。
