Determining your filing status is the first step to filing! You need to do this before you can even decide if you are required to file.
There are five filing statuses (that is the plural, I checked):
Married Filing Separately
Qualifying Widow(er) with Dependent Child
As you can see, your marital status is the general basis of your filing status. Your marital status for a tax year is determined on the last day of that year. That means, for example, if you got married during 2017, then you are considered married for the 2017 tax year. Or, if you got divorced during 2017, then you are considered single for the 2017 tax year.
The same concept applies to dependents: if you had a baby or adopted a child during 2017, then that child is your dependent for the 2017 tax year.
One, sort of, exception to this is that if your spouse died during 2017, then you can still file as married for the 2017 tax year.
So let’s talk about those statuses:
This is the default filing status. If you aren’t married, don’t have kids, and you only support yourself (or even if someone else supports you) then your filing status is probably single. Basically, if you don’t qualify for the statuses listed below, then you should file as single.
If you’re married, then you have to file either jointly or separately. Jointly meaning both of you file on one return, and separately meaning you each file a separate return.
I’m not sure where the rumor started that filing separately saves you money (I’ve heard many people think this), but honestly, for most couples, that just isn’t true. Most couples will benefit more from filing jointly. There are some instances where that won’t be the case, but you won’t know until you run the numbers.
And while we’re dispelling rumors, the idea that unmarried couples will pay lower taxes if they get married is not necessarily true.
The truth is: your tax liability is going to depend on your circumstances, sources of income, and the amount of that income. There are plenty of situations where an unmarried couple might pay more taxes after getting married. You won’t know unless you run your own numbers under both statuses and see what looks better.
If you use a software or go to a professional, you will likely be told which status would be better for you to file. Otherwise, I would suggest just filing jointly if you don’t feel like running the numbers to compare.
This status provides for better rates than filing as single, but you have to meet several requirements to qualify.
Be considered unmarried (if you don’t live with your spouse or your spouse is a nonresident alien then you might still qualify).
Pay for more than half of the expenses to maintain a household.
Have a qualifying dependent (doesn’t necessarily have to be a child).
This is a complicated status, and you should look into very closely if you think you qualify. The IRS monitors this status heavily because of its more favorable tax rates.
This TurboTax article explains the requirements very well:
https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/family/guide-to-filing-taxes-as-head-of-household/L4Nx6DYu9
Qualifying Widow(er) with Dependent Child
This status allows widows and widowers to utilize married rates for two years after the death of their spouse. There are still a number of qualifications and exceptions to this status, so you should also look carefully into this status if you think you may qualify.
This efile.com article explains the requirements very well:
https://www.efile.com/qualifying-widow-widower-tax-filing-status/
If you still have questions about your filing status, please take a look at page 20 of IRS Publication 17.