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Role and Limitations of Forensic Science

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Question- What Are the Most Popular Methods of Searching a Crime Scene?

Answer-

The scene and conditions may determine the search method to use. For example, the size of the crime scene and the number of people available to conduct the search may play a role in determining the best method to use.

Following are the most popular search methods, usually commissioned on the crime scene:

Strip Method:

The strip method crime scene investigation technique, also called the line method, requires that investigators stand in a line, then begin to walk parallel to one another across the crime scene. Once they have concluded their investigation and reached the other side of the scene, they turn around and walk back, following the exact same path they had walked on the first pass.

Spiral method: Here the search is started from one end of the crime scene, carried out in spirals till the focal point of the crime scene.

It involves a spiral into (inward) or out from (outward) a crime scene. A practical disadvantage with outward spiral searches is the evidence may be destroyed as the searchers move to the center of the crime scene area to begin their outward search.

Zone method: The scene is divided into small zones and each zone is examined in turn.

Grid Method: In the grid search method, the IO begins like a strip search. After completing the search by horizontal lanes, he searches back at right angles to the original strip This search from two different angles helps in the recovery of evidence which may be missed in simple strip method.

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Classification Of Injury

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Normal Weight of Organs in Human body

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Cartridge case types-

Cartridge cases generally come in one of three shapes:

A. Straight cased- Where the case diameter is approximately the same along its length.

B. Bottle-necked- Where a wide bodied case is, just before the case mouth, reduced in diameter to that of the bullet. This permits a very much larger volume of propellant to be used, and consequently higher velocities to be obtained, than in straight-sided cases.

C. Tapered case- Where a wide-based cartridge case is gradually reduced in diameter along its length.

These tend to be in old European sporting rifle calibres and are seldom encountered now a days.

The cartridge case can be sub-divided into a further five categories, according to the configuration of its base.

1. Rimmed: these have a flange at the base which is larger than the diameter of the body of the cartridge case.

2. Semi-rimmed: these have a flange which is slightly larger than the diameter of the cartridge case and a groove around the case body just in front of the flange.

3. Rimless: in these, the flange diameter is the same as the case body and there is, for extraction purposes, a groove around the case body just in front of the flange.

4. Rebated: this has an extractor flange which is smaller than the diameter of the cartridge case.

5. Belted case: these have a pronounced raised belt encircling the base of the cartridge.

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Forensic Identification of single dyed hair strand now possible

In crime scene investigations, a single strand of hair can make a huge difference in the Investigation. If a fallen strand of hair with root cells attached is found, a DNA test can reveal the identity of a criminal; unfortunately, this seldom happens. Even though other types of DNA analysis can be conducted using the "mitochondrial DNA" embedded in the hair shaft itself, such tests are not sufficient to reliably identify a person and usually call for additional evidence.

In a recent study published in Analytical Sciences, scientists at the Tokyo University of Science, Japan, developed a strategy for identifying criminals from a single strand of hair, state the fact that hair dyes are very much common now a days. Their approach involves finding out if two individual strands of hair belong to the same person based on the composition of hair dye products found on them. To do this, they employed two well-known analytical methods: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis.

Do you know about these techniques?

Comment your Answer.

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Natural Evidences/Trace Evidences:-

As we know that the air is always rich with invisible dust and particles. That's what forensic experts use as a evidence or clues. But with dust? No there are lots of small or almost invisible particles present which can be used as an evidence. Microscopes reveal flakes of human and animal skin and tiny animals called dust mites in household dust while Outdoor dust includes grains of sand, soil, and pollen. Dust may also contain human and animal hairs, and fibers from our clothes.

According to Edmond Locard _____ (tell me in comment section what he said and who he was?)

So at any crime scene including on the victim and the guilty person there are many “invisible” traces present which can be compared and examined once.

For example, it may be possible to identify the type and manufacturer of a carpet on the basis of a few fibers picked up at the scene, which might even solve the crime.

What about others?

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Question- What is Questioned Documents Examination?

Answer- Questioned document examinations involve a comparison of the document, or aspects of the document, to a set of known standards (i.e., authentic specimens). The goal of the forensic document examiner is to systematically evaluate the attributes and characteristics of a document in order to reveal how it was prepared or how it may have been modified.

Question- What is the work of Questioned Document Examiner?

Answer- Document examiners are often called upon not only to identify the type of ink involved in a questioned document, but also the source of the ink. Determining the origin of the ink on a document may be especially useful in helping examiners to detect fraudulent entries or alterations in a document. For example, a fraudulent entry in a will may be added with ink that is visually similar but chemically different from that of the rest of the document, indicating that it was not included at the time of its original writing. While differentiation among inks can be accomplished by visual examination, nondestructive, and chemical tests, positive identification of the specific source of the ink (i.e., the exact pen) is unlikely. More probably, the examiner will be able to trace the ink back to the specific type, class, and or brand of ink, and suggest that it is scientifically indistinguishable from the suspected source. Infrared or ultraviolet examination also may allow the examiner to differentiate between different types of ink.