#grid analytics system

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Study Shows In openvpn  creased Mortality Risk from Red Meat Consumption

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“This study provides clear evidence that regular consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, contributes substantially to premature death,” said senior author Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health. Image from iStock .

Say goodbye to fast-food burgers and hello to fresh garden salads. While observing 37,698 men for up to 22 years and 83,644 women for up to 28 years, a new  digital signage  study found that regular consumption of red meat, particularly processed red meat, was associated with increased mortality risk.

A new study by Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers has found that red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of total, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. The results also showed that substituting other healthy protein sources, such as fish, poultry, nuts, and legumes, was associated with a lower risk of mortality.

“Our study adds more evidence to the health risks of eating high amounts of red meat, which has been associated with type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers in other studies,” said lead author An Pan, research fellow in the Department of Nutrition at HSPH.

The study was published online in Archives of Internal Medicine.

The researchers, including senior author Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at HSPH, and colleagues, prospectively observed 37,698 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study for up to 22 years and 83,644 women in the Nurses’ Health Study for up to 28 years who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Their diets were assessed through questionnaires every four years.

A combined 23,926 deaths were documented in the two studies, of which 5,910 were from cardiovascular disease and 9,464 from cancer. Regular c cellular router  onsumption of red meat, particularly processed red meat, was associated with increased mortality risk. One daily serving of unp plc-programming  rocessed red meat (about the size of a deck of cards) was associated with a 13 percent increased risk of mortality, and one daily serving of processed red meat (one hot dog or two slices of bacon) was associated with a 20 percent increased risk.

Among specific causes, the corresponding increases in risk were 18 percent and 21 percent for cardiovascular mortality, and 10 percent and 16 percent for cancer mortality. These analyses took into account chronic disease risk factors such as age, body mass index, physical activity, and family history of heart disease or major cancers.

Red meat, especially processed meat, contains ingredients that have been linked to increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. These include heme iron, saturated fat, sodium, nitrites, and certain carcinogens that are formed during cooking.

Replacing one serving of total red meat with one serving of a healthy protein source was associated with a lower mortality risk: 7 percent for fish, 14 percent for poultry, 19 percent for nuts, 10 percent for legumes, 10 percent for low-fat dairy products, and 14 percent for whole grains. The researchers estimated that 9.3 percent of deaths in men and 7.6 percent in women could have been prevented at the end of the follow-up if all the participants had consumed less than 0.5 servings per day of red meat.

“This study provides clear evidence that regular consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, contributes substantially to premature death,” said Hu. “On the other hand, choosing more healthful sources of protein in place of red meat can confer significant health benefits by reducing chronic disease morbidity and mortality.”

Support for the study was provided by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the National Cancer Institute.

Other HSPH authors include Qi Sun, Adam Bernstein, JoAnn Manson, Meir Stampfer, and Walter Willett.

Image: iStock, Harvard Gazette

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Particles Exhibit Their Q langshantech  uantum Nature Close to Absolute Zero

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Keeping a close eye on everything: Christian Ast checks the connections of the scanning tunneling microscope (top). Researchers in the Nanoscale Science Department conduct their experiments in this instrument at lowest temperatures of a fifteen thousandth of a degree above absolute zero. The principle is always the same (bottom): A tunneling current (illustrated by the transparent bar) flows between an ultrafine tip and the sample, providing information about the properties of the sample. At these low temperatures the tunneling current reveals all of its quantum properties.

A newly published study from the Max Planck Institute reveals what would happen if an electric current no longer flowed, but trickled instead.

What would happen if an electric current no longer flowed, but trickled instead? This was the question investigated by researchers working with Christian Ast at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research. Their investigation involved cooling their scanning tunneling microscope down to a fifteen thousandth of a degree above absolute zero. At these extremely low temperatures, the electrons reveal their quantum nature. The electric current is therefore a granular medium, consisting of individual particles. The electrons trickle through a conductor like grains of sand in an hourglass, a phenomenon that can be explained with the aid of quantum electrodynamics.

Flowing water from a tap feels like a homogeneous medium – it is impossible to distinguish between the individual water molecules. Exactly the same thing is true about electric current. So many electrons flow in a conventional cable that the current appears to be homogeneous. Although it is not possible to distinguish individual electrons, quantum mechanics says they should exist. So how do they behave? Under which conditions does the current not flow li vending computer ke water through a tap, but rather trickles like sand in an hourglass?

The hourglass analogy is very appropriate for the scanning tunneling microscope, where a thin, pointed tip scans across the surface of a sample without actually touching it. A tiny current flows nevertheless, as there is a slight probability that electrons “tunnel” from the pointed tip into the sample. This tunneling current is an exponential function of the separation, which is why the pointed tip is located only a few Ångström (a ten millionth of a millimeter) above the sample.

Minute variations in the tunneling current thus allow researchers to resolve individual atoms and atomic structures on surfaces and investigate their electronic structure. Scanning tunneling microscopes are therefore some of the most versatile and sensitive detectors in the whole of solid state physics.

Even under these extreme conditions – a tiny current of less than one billionth of the current that flows through a Global Leader in Industrial IoT   100-watt light bulb – billions of electrons per second still flow. This is too many to discern individual electrons. The temperature was down at around a fifteen thousandth of a degree above absolute zero (i.e. at minus 273.135°C or 15 mK) before the scientists saw that the electric current consists of individual electrons.

At this low temperature, very fine structures, which the researchers had not expected, appear in the spectrum. “We could explain these new structures only by assuming that the tunneling current is a granular medium and no longer homogeneous,” says Ast, who heads the group working with the scanning tunneling microscope. This is thus the first time that the full quantum nature of electronic transport in the scanning tunneling microscope has shown itself.

The electric charge must therefore be quantized as well if this quantum mechanical phenomenon is to be fully explained. “The theory on which this is based was developed back at the beginning of the 1990s. Now that conceptual and practical issues relating to its application to scanning tunneling microscopes have been solved, it is nice to see how consistently theory and experiment fit together,” says Joachim Ankerhold from the University of Ulm, who contributed the theoretical basis.

In addition to a detailed theory, experiments of this type require an adapted laboratory environment which reduces external disturbances to a large extent. Since the end of 2012, a new precision laboratory has been in operation on the campus of the Max Planck Institutes in Stuttgart; it provides an almost disturbance-free laboratory environment for highly sensitive experiments such as the mK scanning tunneling microscope.

The instrument is located in the precision laboratory in a box equipped with both acoustic and electromagnetic shielding on a vibration-decoupled concrete base. “We want to use it to venture into new, unknown territory – which we did very successfully with this experiment,” says Klaus Kern, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research.

Electrons have already demonstrated their quantum nature. As they are transported through quantum dots, for example, the current flow is specifically blocked so that the electrons appear individually. This effect became evident in the scanning tunneling microsco Grid Analytics System pe simply by cooling it to extremely low temperatures, however. “The tunnel effect has definitely reached the quantum limit here,” says team member Berthold Jäck. The researchers do not want to view this as a limitation, however. “These extremely low temperatures open up an unexpected richness of detail which allows us to understand superconductivity and light-matter interactions much better,” says Christian Ast.

Publication: Christian R. Ast, et al., “Sensing the quantum limit in scanning tunnelling spectroscopy,” Nature Communications 7, Article number: 13009 (2016) doi:10.1038/ncomms13009

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New Synthetic Mo Industrial IoT Connectivity  lecules (SyAMs) Mimic Antibodies

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Researchers from Yale University have created the first synthetic molecules that have both the targeting and response functions of antibodies.

The new molecules — synthetic antibody mimics (SyAMs) — attach themselves simultaneously to disease cells and disease-fighting cells. The result is a highly targeted immune response, similar to the action of natural hu Vending PC  man antibodies.

“Unlike antibodies, however, our molecules are synthetic organic compounds that are approximately one-twentieth the size of antibodies,” said David A. Spiegel, a professor of chemistry at Ya VPN routerIndustrial 3g router  le whose lab developed the molecules. “They are unlikely to cause unwanted immune reactions due to their structure, are thermally stable, and have the potential to be administered orally, just like traditional, small-molecule drugs.”

Spiegel and his team describe the research in a paper published online December 16 by the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

The paper looks specifically at SyAM molecules used to attack prostate cancer. Called SyAM-Ps, they work first by r m2m  ecognizing cancer cells and binding with a specific protein on their surface. Next, they also bind with a receptor on an immune cell. This induces a targeted response that leads to the destruction of the cancer cell.

Spiegel said the process of synthesizing and optimizing the structure of the molecules required considerable time and effort. “We now know that synthetic molecules of intermediate size possess perhaps the most important functional properties of antibodies — targeting and stimulation of immune cells,” he said.

“It’s also noteworthy that molecules of such a small size can bring together two objects as enormous as cells, and trigger a specific functional response, entirely as a result of specific receptor interactions,” Spiegel added.

Beyond their potential for treating prostate cancer, SyAMs may have applications for treating other forms of cancer, HIV and various bacterial diseases.

Publication: Patrick J. McEnaney, “Chemically Synthesized Molecules with the Targeting and Effector Functions of Antibodies,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014; DOI: 10.1021/ja509513c

Image: Yale University

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MIT Physicists Create a Superfluid in a Record WiFi  -High Magnetic Field

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Equipment used by the Ketterle Group to create superfluids. Photo: Bryce Vickmark

Physicists from MIT have created a superfluid gas, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate, for the first time in an extremely high magnetic field.

The magnetic field is a synthetic magnetic field, generated using laser beams, and is 100 times stronger than that of the world’s strongest magnets. Within this magnetic field, the researchers could keep a gas superfluid for a tenth of a second — just long enough for the team to observe it. The researchers report their results this week in the journal Nature Physics.

A superfluid is a phase of matter that only certain liquids or gases can assume, if they are cooled to extremely low temperatures. At temperatures approaching absolute zero, atoms cease their individual, energetic trajectories, and start to move collectively as one wave.

Superfluids are thought to flow endlessly, without losing energy, similar to electrons in a superconductor. Observing the behavior of superfluids therefore may help scientists improve the quality of superconducting magnets and sensors, and develop energy-efficient methods for transporting electricity.

But superfluids are temperamental, and can disappear in a flash if atoms cannot be kept cold or confined. The MIT team combined several techniques in generating ultracold temperatures, to create and maintain a superfluid gas long enough to observe it at ultrahigh synthetic magnetic fields.

“Going to extremes is the way to make discoveries,” says team leader Wolfgang Ketterle, the John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics at MIT. “We use ultracold atoms to map out and understand the behavior of materials which have not yet been created. In this sense, we are ahead of nature.”

Ketterle’s team members include grad Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  uate students Colin Kennedy, William Cody Burton, and Woo Chang Chung.

A superfluid with loops

The team first used a combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling methods, originally co-developed by Ketterle, to cool atoms of rubidium to nanokelvin temperatures. Atoms of rubidium are known as bosons, for their even number of nucleons and electrons. When cooled to near absolute zero, bosons form what’s called a Bose-Einstein condensate — a superfluid state that was first co-discovered by Ketterle, and for which he was ultimately awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in physics.

After cooling the atoms, the researchers used a set of lasers to create a crystalline array of atoms, or optical lattice. The electric field of the laser beams creates what’s known as a periodic potential landscape, similar to an egg carton, which mimics the regular arrangement of particles in real crystalline materials.

When charged particles are exposed to magnetic fields, their trajectories are bent into circular orbits, causing them to loop around and around. The higher the magnetic field, the tighter a particle’s orbit becomes. However, to confine electrons to the microscopic scale of a crystalline material, a magnetic field 100 times stronger than that of the strongest magnets in the world would be required.

The group asked whether this could be done with ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. Since the ultracold atoms are not charged, as electrons are, but are instead neutral particles, their trajectories are normally unaffected by magnetic fields.

Instead, the MIT group came up with a technique to generate a synthetic, ultrahigh magnetic field, using laser beams to push atoms around in tiny orbits, similar to the orbits of electrons under a real magnetic field. In 2013, Ketterle and his colleagues demonstrated the technique, along with other researchers in Germany, which uses a tilt of the optical lattice and two additional laser beams to control the motion of the atoms. On a flat lattice, atoms can easily move around from site to site. However, in a tilted lattice, the atoms would have to work against gravity. In this scenario, atoms could only move with the help of laser beams.

“Now the laser beams could be used to make neutral atoms move around like electrons in a strong magnetic field,” added Kennedy.

Using laser beams, the group could make the atoms orbit, or loop around, in a radius as small as two lattice squares, similar to how particles would move in an extremely high magnetic field.

“Once we had the idea, we were really excited about it, because of its simplicity. All we had to do was take two suitable laser beams and carefully align them at specific angles, and then the atoms drastically change their behavior,” Kennedy says.

“New perspectives to known physics&rdquo emark certified  ;

After developing the tilting technique to simulate a high magnetic field, the group worked for a year and a half to optimize the lasers and electronic controls to avoid any extraneous pushing of the atoms, which could make them lose their superfluid properties.

“It’s a complicated experiment, with a lot of laser beams, electronics, and magnets, and we really had to get everything stable,” Burton says. “It took so long just to iron out all the details to eventually have this ultracold matter in the presence of these high fields, and keep them cold — some of it was painstaking work.”

In the end, the researchers were able to keep the superfluid gas stable for a tenth of a second. During that time, the team took time-of-flight pictures of the distribution of atoms to capture the topology, or shape, of the superfluid. Those images also reveal the structure of the magnetic field — something that’s been known, but never directly visualized until now.

“The main accomplishment is that we were able to verify and identify the superfluid state,” Ketterle says. “If we can get synthetic magnetic fields under even better control, our laboratory could do years of research on this topic. For the expert, what it opens up is a new window into the quantum world, where materials with new properties can be studied.”

Going forward, the team plans to carry out similar experiments, but to add strong interactions between ultracold atoms, or to incorporate different quantum states, or spins. Ketterle says such experiments would connect the research to important frontiers in material research, including quantum Hall physics and topologica industrial LTE router l insulators.

“We are adding new perspectives to physics,” Ketterle says. “We are touching on the unknown, but also showing physics that in principle is known, but at a new level of clarity.”

This research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office for Scientific Research, and the Army Research Office.

Publication: Colin J. Kennedy, et al., “Observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in a strong synthetic magnetic field,” Nature Physics (2015); doi:10.1038/nphys3421

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Germany’s Solar Power Output Rose By 60% in cellular gateway   2011

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Here’s a bit of good news for renewable energy from Germany. The German Solar Industry Association (BSW) says that the nation’s solar power producers have now produced 60% more electricity in 2011 than they did in all of 2010, producing 18 billion kWh. That’s very impressive growth.

19.9% of Germany’s energy was produced from low-carbon sources in 2011, up from 16.4% in 2010. BSW’s managing director Carsten Koernig stated that “solar energy has become an indispensable ingredient of a successful energy strategy shift.” The solar sector alone has produced enough electricity to power about 5.1 million homes. That Intelligent Traffic Enforcement  ’s about one-eighth of all homes in Germany.

Due to unfavorable weather  industrial LTE router  conditions, some say that the solar sector’s production remains volatile and unsustainable, relying on a subsidy-driven situation. That leads to high cost for consumers. Koernig isn’t worried about that and says that tintelligent vending machinehe solar industry stands by its commitments to cut costs, which have already dropped by 50 percent since 2007. Lower costs and growth paint a nice picture for the country’s energy situation.

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Physicis hardware  ts Slow Down the Speed of Light

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By applying a mask to an optical beam to give photons a spatial structure, physicists have demonstrated that spatially structured photons travel slower than the speed of light in free space.

Scientists have long known that the speed of light can be slowed slightly as it travels through materials such as water or glass.

However, it has generally been thought impossible for particles of light, known as photons, to be slowed as they travel through free space, unimpeded by interactions with any materials.

In a new paper published in Science Express, researchers from the University of Glasgow and Heriot-Watt University describe how they have managed to slow photons in free space for the first time. They have demonstrated that applying a mask to an optical beam to give photons a spatial structure can reduce their speed.

Their experiment was configured like a race, with two photons released simultaneously across identical distances towards a defined finish line.

The team compare a beam of light, containing many photons, to a team of cyclists who share the work by taking it in turns to cycle at the front. Although the group travels along the road as a unit, the speed of individual cyclists can vary as they swap position.

The group formation can make it difficult to define a single velocity for all cyclists, and the same applies to light. A single pulse of light contains many photons, and scientists know that light pulses are characterized by a number of different velocities.

The researchers found that one photon reached the finish line as predicted, but the structured photon which had been reshaped by the mask arrived later, meaning it was traveling more slowly in free space. Over a distance of one meter, the team measured a slowing of up to 20 wavelengths, many times greater than the measurement precision.

The work demonstrates that, after passing the light beam through a mask, photons move more slowly through space. Crucially, this is very different to the slowing effect of passing light through a medium such as glass or water, where the light is only slowed during the time it is passing through the material – it returns to the speed of light after it comes out the other side. The effect of passing the light through the mask is to limit the top speed at which the photons can travel.

The work was carried out by a team from the University of Glasgow’s Optics Group, led by Professor Miles Padgett, working with theoretical physicists led by Stephen Barnett, and in partnership with Daniele Faccio from Heriot-Watt University.

Daniel Giovannini, one of the lead authors of the paper, said: “The delay we’ve introduced to the structured beam is small, measured at industrial IoT Gateway   several micrometers over a propagation distance of one meter, but it is significant. We’ve measured similar effects in two different types of beams known as Bessel beams and Gaussian beams.”

Co-lead author Jacquiline Romero said: “We’ve achieved this slowing effect with some subtle but widely-known optical principles. This finding shows unambiguously that the propagation of light can be slowed below the commonly accepted figure of 299,792,458 meters per second, even when traveling in air or vacuum.

“Although we measure the effect for a single photon, it applies to bright light beams too. The effect is biggest when the lenses used to create the beam are large and when the distance over which the light is focused is small, meaning the effect only applies at short range.”

Professor Padgett added: “It might seem surprising that light can be made to travel more slowly like this, but the effect has a solid theoretical foundation and we’re confident that our observations are correct.

“The results give us a new way to think about the properties of light and we’re keen to continue exploring the potential of this discovery in future applications. We expect that the effect will be applicable to any wave theory, so a similar slowing could well be created in sound waves, for example.”

The team’s paper, titled ‘Spatially Structured Photons that Travel in Free Space Slower t ethernet  han the Speed of Light’, is published in Scienc Android Industrial Computer  e Express, which provides electronic publication of selected papers in advance of print in the journal Science.

Publication: Daniel Giovannini, et al., “Spatially structured photons that travel in free space slower than the speed of light,” Science, 2015; DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3035

Image: University of Glasgow

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

LCLS Probes Microscopic Components of Air Pol commercial  lution

www.inhandnetworks.com

A new investigation using X-rays from the Linac Coherent Light Source has helped researchers better understand the structure of airborne soot particles. These simulated particles, based on previous research models, illustrate the expected fractal structure of soot particles in the air. The latest research shows that soot particles produced as aerosols can be noticeably denser than the ones shown here. Image by Duane Loh and Andy Freeberg, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

While working with SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source, a team of scientists showed that LCLS can drive a paradigm shift in imaging airborne particles, allowing us to look at them one at a time instead of using a composite of many different particles.

Menlo Park, California — Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have captured the most detailed images to date of airborne soot particles, a key contributor to global warming and a health hazard.

The discovery reveals the particles’ surprisingly complex nanostructures and could ultimately aid the understanding of atmospheric processes important to climate change, as well as the design of cleaner combustion sources, from car engines to power plants.

This short conceptual animation depicts how scientists can now simultaneously capture fractal morphology (structure), chemical composition and nanoscale imagery of individual aerosol particles in flight. These particles, known as “PM2.5” because they are smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, affect climate by interacting with sunlight and impact human health by entering the lungs. Animation by Greg Stewart, Michael Bogan & Duane Loh

The study, published in the June 28th issue of Nature, also pioneers a method for studying a broad range of individual particles, such as cells or proteins, and opens up exciting possibilities in the study of aerosol dynamics using highly focused X-ray lasers, such as SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS).

“Our study shows that LCLS can drive a paradigm shift in imaging airborne particles, allowing us to look at 4g LTE router with SIM cardthem one at a time instead of using a composite of many different particles,” said Duane Loh, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral scholar at SLAC and Stanford University’s PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science. “We now have a richer imaging tool to explore the connections between their toxicity and internal structure.”

Soot and similar particles – especially those 2.5 microns or less in diameter, which are the most dangerous to human health – are difficult to image while airborne. When placed on a surface for examination with a microscope, they tend to clump together and lose their shape.

In this experiment, researchers wafted individual soot particles up to 3.25 microns in diameter into the path of the LCLS laser beam. Its laser pulses are so brief that they captured information about the particles, only millionths of a meter across, in the quadrillionths of a second before they blew apart.

They found that no two are alike. Like magnified snowflakes, soot particles exhibit similar patterns of complexity at different scales, which is characteristic of fractals. Other research methods have probed the fractal properties of soot, but the LCLS’ ability to examine those of individual soot particles, airborne and in their natural state, revealed surprising diversity and complexity in their fractal dimensions. Such observations can help validate the various models Industrial 3G Cellular Modem   used to describe these soot particles.

The results make scientists wonder what diversity of forms will be discovered if particles produced in real-world, “messy” environments, such as a car’s combustion engine or a candle flame, are imaged one at a time. The team is analyzing data from experiments at the LCLS that examined soot from diesel emissions as well as other types of airborne particles.

A primary long-term goal of the research is to take snapshots of airborne particles as they change their size, shape and chemical make-up in response to their environment, said Michael Bogan, a staff scientist at PULSE and leade Remote Diagnostics  r of the international research team.

“Scientists can now imagine being able to watch the evolution of soot formation in combustion engines from their molecular building blocks, or maybe even view the first steps of ice crystal formation in clouds,” he said.

The research team included contributors from SLAC, DESY, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Max Planck Institutes, the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Cornell University, the University of Hamburg, Synchrotron Trieste and Uppsala University. LCLS is supported by DOE’s Office of Science.

Image: Duane Loh and Andy Freeberg, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

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Experimental Cosmologist ipv6  s Probe Beyond the Big Bang

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Cornell’s experimental cosmology research group recently announced the first results from a Cosmic Microwave Background study using a polarization-sensitive camera (ACTPol).

A long tradition of cosmology resear Industrial 3G Router  ch in Cornell’s College of Arts and Sciences has given birth to a vigorous effort by a new generation of cosmologists to understand the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the thermal radiation left over from the Big Bang.

“A large portion of all knowledge about the history of the universe as a whole is revealed when you fully understand the CMB,” says Michael Niemack, assistant professor of physics, whose work centers on CMB measurements.

Cosmology, the study of the nature and evolution of the universe, has progressed enormously during the past 30 years, says Jeevak Parpia, professor and chair of physics. “We are in an era of ‘precision’ cosmology.”

“This is a time of very rapid advances in the field,” agrees Liam McAllister, associate professor of physics and a specialist in string theory. “You don’t know on any given day what new discovery you’re going to see posted that night on arXiv.”

Henry Tye, the Horace White Professor of Physics Emeritus, was one of the pioneers in understanding inflation in string theory, and he left a legacy of unusual cooperation at Cornell among cosmologists of all sorts. McAllister says it’s quite rare to find a university like Cornell where there are meaningful collaborations linking string theorists, experimentalists and astronomers, such as his and Niemack’s research with associate professor of astronomy Rachel Bean.

“Cosmology at Cornell is a wonderful example of the culture of collaboration within arts and sciences disciplines, between highly skilled instrumentalists and researchers pondering the theoretical implications of physical laws,” says Gretchen Ritter, the Harold Tanner Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.

“CMB research is a rich, ever-evolving field with a science mix that excites both the astronomy and physics communities,” adds Terry Herter, chair of astronomy. “Striving to understand the origin and evolution of the universe and fundamental physics at the same time – it doesn’t get much better than that.”

McAllister, recipient of a National Science Foundation Early Career Award for his work on theoretical models of the early universe, seeks to understand how the theories of the inflation that occurred in the universe’s earliest moments can be founded on a secure theoretical footing and emerge from a mathematically consistent structure.

“We’d like to understand the physics behind inflation,” he says. “One of our responsibilities as theorists is to try to predict the results of future experiments and interpret the results of existing experiments.”

According to McAllister, what’s needed is a theory in which the laws of gravity are fundamentally quantum mechanical, but that behave according to classical physics in systems that are big enough and slow moving. So far, he says, string theory is the only approach that offers a consistent theory of quantum gravity.

On the experimental side, the higher resolution C retail  MB measurements that Niemack is pursuing relate directly to the tests of general relativity that Bean is interested in.

The completion of the Cornell Caltech Atacama Telescope (CCAT) project, which will be the largest submillimeter telescope in the world, will be a boon for cosmologists, says Niemack. He and Bean plan to use CCAT to probe galaxy cluster velocities with much higher precision than is now possible.

Experiments probing the CMB have the potential to reveal laws of nature at a much more fundamental level than has been proven in any other way. “For example, results from CMB polarization observations could have a transformative effect on the kinds of problems related to the early universe that we theorists pursue,” says McAllister.

“That’s what makes it so compelling,” adds Niemack. “Any one of these observations or experiments could fundamentally change how we see the universe.”

Experimental cosmology

Cornell’s experimental cosmology research group – which includes assistant professor of physics Michael Niemack, postdoctoral researchers Francesco De Bernardis and Shawn Henderson, and graduate students Brian Koopman and Patricio Gallardo – recently announced the first results from a Cosmic Microwave Background study using a polarization-sensitive camera (ACTPol) that Niemack led the design of for the 6-meter Atacama Cosmology Telescope.

“ACTPol has a unique niche in science that we can pursue better than anyone else because of the capabilities that we’ve built into our instrument,” says Niemack. “We’re looking for tiny, tiny signals, roughly a part in 107 above the background over a range of scales that have not been probed before.”

An upgrade to be completed this year will add three times as many detectors and an additional frequency channel to ACTPol, enabling the group to probe physics at grand unification energy scales, a trillion times higher energy than is probed at the Large Had touchscreen vending  ron Collider.

Related Study (PDF): The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: CMB Polarization at 200

Image: The Pleiades, or Seven Sisters (Messier 45 or M45) from Wikipedia

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