1816: The Year With No Summer
The summer of 1816 was definitely one for the record books. From red snow in Italy, riots across Europe and 12 inches (30cm) of snow in Quebec City in June, it was far from normal.
The early 1800s were cooler than today due to lower solar insolation (less heat from the sun) thought to be associated with the Dalton Minimum (lack of solar sunspot activity). In fact, throughout the 14th to the mid 19th century, global temperatures had been consistently lower than those on record, prompting this era to be known as the ‘Little Ice Age’. However 1816 was by far the most extreme, with frosts and snow being reported across the Northern Hemisphere throughout June, July and August. It wasn’t just cold though, temperatures would fluctuate from normal summer temperatures (up to 35oC/95oF) to near freezing the next day. Unsurprisingly, crop yields were poor this year, forcing food prices through the roof and leaving many to go hungry.
So what caused such unusual weather conditions? The lower solar input played a part, but the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 is thought to be the main culprit. The ash spewed out during the eruption travelled through the atmosphere, further reducing the thermal input from the sun. This was compounded by the release of sulphur gases, which combined with water vapour to form small droplets of sulphuric acid. These reflected the suns energy back into space before it could reach the Earth's surface, reducing temperatures further. By 1816 these volcanic emissions had encompassed the entire Northern Hemisphere, leading to freezing summer temperatures and unusually coloured snow across Central and Eastern Europe.
However, there was one good thing that came out of the bad weather. Writers Mary Shelley, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and John William Polidori were forced to remain indoors and, to keep themselves amused, decided to have a “write off”. The challenge was to see which author could write the best scary story with Shelly producing Frankenstein and Polidori countering with Vampyre!
Painting Credit: George H. Durrie