The main arguments of every full-length essay I’ve written solo over my course (dissertation excluded), in rough chronological order of the subject matter:
it’s impossible to develop an absolute definition of war (this was the only essay I ever failed and I put it down entirely to the guy who marked it, who was known to be an absolute jackass)
hoplites fought in deep formations because, in battles that resembled huge armoured rugby scrums, their weight was a more important weapon than their spears
Roman legions beat Greek phalanxes because the legions were more agile and the Greeks started relying too much on the phalanx to the detriment of their other forces
Pompey may have been really good at fighting pirates but he couldn’t have done it without the massive army and fleet the senate gave him
though weather and climate concerns could affect communities in early modern Europe on a local level, the “Little Ice Age” theory espoused by some historians overplays its impact on Europe as a whole
Machiavelli’s political thought was actually highly derivative - he was just blunter than most about what he was preaching
Emperor Charles V of Spain trying to be a universal monarch was broadly bad for the empire but good for the monarchs that came after as an example of how far was too far
the Dutch Revolt may have been sparked partly by religious concerns but it was never quite a religious war
judicial mercy in England was mostly used as a tool to get around overly harsh laws that couldn’t be changed without weakening the perceived legitimacy of royal and divine authority
prosecutions for witchcraft ended mostly because of a decline in popular belief in a global conspiracy of witches, triggered in places by religious interventions against superstition
whipping as a punishment was only ever private when the social cost of whipping somebody in public outweighed the deterrent and humiliation factors
Zola really likes perverse dualities in his writing
arms races don’t directly cause war but they make it much easier for small disputes to become wars
international mediation is very useful when it works but there are too many situations in which it doesn’t work to call it essential
realist international relations theory posits that war is not only natural but inevitable because it will always eventually be the best rational decision for somebody (this is bullshit but okay)
the start of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War was only as much of a mess as it was for Israel because the one guy in charge of their intelligence service at the time had already decided Egypt wasn’t going to invade and refused to change his mind in the face of evidence
the international law surrounding piracy is a poorly thought out mess of contradictions and practically useless powers and in dire need of reworking if we’re going to tackle piracy in the long term
states or actors are never impossible to deter, but the costs of deterrence may sometimes be too high for the deterring party to bear
9/11′s biggest impact on international relations was that it vastly increased the weight of non-state actors and, in doing so, changed the fundamental nature of the international system from unipolar to multipolar