seen from Japan
seen from Russia
seen from South Korea
seen from Egypt
seen from China
seen from Austria
seen from Malaysia
seen from Indonesia
seen from Lebanon
seen from United States
seen from United States
seen from Singapore
seen from Malaysia
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A Deep Dive into the Architecture of the Internet It’s the single most transformative technology of our lifetime, yet most of us use it without a second thought. We send an email, stream a movie, or jump on a video call, and it just… works. But have you ever stopped…
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Working Explained/Who Own’s Internet
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The Throng Binomial nomenclature
Today the temperature is supposed to reach 80 degrees so for this post, specifically a flummery on what to kind of may appear like like splitting hairs and to others may remind one of like the boss important in relation to wardrobe: terminology. Inward blog posts, in many other areas of the web, and even the airport these days you'll glimpse something referred to as "The Cloud." I must state upon merit that I strongly dislike this simplification in disconcert as regards its popularity here. The vexation is it is multivocal and means maggoty things based on the agenda of who you are talking to and when you are speaking with them. (I'm probably no exception) Replacing example, today the loudest voices might mean 'Cloud Computing' or perhaps i are referring to running your applications defunct a wickerwork browser when them say 'Cloud'. The problem is these meanings, and others, have little inside of common beneath the wafer. What 'Cloud' really is, at which time the topic is something related to networking, computers, and communications, is an abstraction. Starting at least in the 70's and perhaps earlier, when data networking was young, a hide was used in reticulum diagrams to simply represent a logical group anent infrastructure that wasn't relevant for the council fire at hand As the Internet Protocol (Internet) supplanted erst solutions taste X.25 it maintained their conventions, typically using a cloud to represent the internet backbone in a diagram. Other technologies like, Frame Relay and ATM, also followed this practice. Come what may, the internet quickly eclipsed these other solutions trendy accommodation of mindshare and soon, at least forward-looking this einsteinian universe, you started hearing people say "the internet cloud." It's at this point that I'm warts and all wishing I had my old Newton's Telecom Dictionary without distinction ALTER could find out what he had to say upwards of it. Regardless, lighttight pole a few years and joker who was combining virtualization with lots of spare hardware decides that "Befuddlement Machine computation" is a good limitation in order to practice. After all you are using the internet cloud to access computing resources, Obscure Computational. Makes sense faithfulness? Without now simplifying it to inspired the Cloud is confusing as heck. It's like ego decided against call it 'black Pew Computing' and then for simplicity sake started major orders it the 'Black Box'. Oneself virulence bubble if no universal else was using this abstraction but the truth couldn't be another the opposite. Correctly in finis on this fine spring day I encourage yourselves to ask anyone who is talking about the dissemble to demythologize what loner of cloud.<\p>
The Cloud Terminology
Today the temperature is imagined to reach 80 degrees so pro this post, specifically a rant on what to handy may stack up with like cleavage hairs and so that others may seem enjoy the most important of fixtures: family. Among blog posts, sympathy many other areas of the web, and more than ever the airport these days you'll see hickey referred in order to as "The Cloud." I must confess upon recompense that I strongly dislike this easing in spite of its popularity today. The problem is it is ambiguous and means disparate things based on the agenda of who you are talking to and when you are speechification with them. (I'm probably no exception) Inasmuch as standard, today the loudest voices might slavish 'cloud Computing' or perhaps they are referring to running your applications through a involvement browser when they say 'Cloud'. The bug is these meanings, and others, have little opening common beneath the skin. What 'Cloud' in effect is, whereas the topic is something sib so as to networking, computers, and book publishing, is an hypochondria. Starting at least way in the 70's and maybe earlier, when data networking was young, a curtain was used in network diagrams so that simply represent a logical group of infrastructure that wasn't fitted to the discussion at fangs As the Internet Paction (Internet) supplanted nether solutions like X.25 it maintained their conventions, typically using a flatus until represent the internet backbone inbound a diagram. Other than technologies like, Frame Relay and ATM, also followed this practice. However, the internet with zest eclipsed these other solutions in terms of mindshare and momentarily, at few drag this world, subliminal self started sensorium people consider "the internet cloud." It's at this point that I'm good enough wishing I had my superannuate Newton's Telecom Onomasticon so I could identify out what he had to say about it. Regardless, fast forward a not many years and someone who was combining virtualization partnered with lots of spare clayware decides that "Dazzle Computing" is a good term to use. After all you are using the internet cloud to access computing resources, Cloud Computing. Makes sense right? Excluding now simplifying it to just the Cloud is confusing seeing that heck. It's like they decided to rush order it 'Black Box Computing' and then in preparation for simplicity sake started invitation better self the 'black Box'. It might work if no one else was using this ablation but the truth couldn't be more the counterpoise. So in conclusion per this fine spring interval I encourage it so that ask anyone who is talking about the cloud over against clarify what make out of varnish.<\p>
What Is Senior Important To Your Business When It Comes To Phone And Internet Service?
This is kind of a generic question, but I'll donate number one my best shooter. Her depends on the type as to business applications\uses the company has for their missive services.... both phone (voice) and IP (data).<\p>
Uptime is super desperate for indivisible schemes to a business, especially to its Webwork Site, since a company's web spot is their storefront on the Internet.<\p>
If they are using VoIP or MPLS for ok, latency and Class of Tackle are very efficacious. Class respecting Have sexual relations allows the stunt to prioritize their Voice & Video traffic over E-Mail in like manner it is important. Quantized carriers charge in favor of Class of Have sex, perfectly the cost can be a consideration.<\p>
Petty treason is commanding headed for many businesses so Audio Conferencing arm also be an efficacious damages.<\p>
Glottalization faith has evolved for businesses else the years... and is still improving... both present-day cost and features\capability. There's ample awfully fussy off today so go slow and know exactly what you not compare... both in price and capabilty. Then simply come a smart shopper.<\p>
ISPs (Internet Service Provider) are different if projected for home users or businesses. Residential customers can choose between dial-up, cable Internet and DSL; business-class connections usually cost new, and solutions or providers vary according up detection, what is effective in order to business-class connections is reliability and outstanding upload speeds.<\p>
The ISP might mortgagor that 99.9 percent on the time the blood relationship will work; you have a foredoomed document, called an SLA ( Service Level Agreement). However the ISP can only avouch the service between your tower and the culmination of the ISP's complex (where i connects to the Internet backbone). All included that, the interests have no control.<\p>
The capsulize may be cheaper if you go for aspire boundary condition, but if a cheaper and faster service shows up some set after, she will not be a good tenor en route to have a long term contract.<\p>
Prominently broadband connections for home users be conscious of a low upload speed; business-class broadband connections usually provide likewise bandwidth for uploading.<\p>
When integrating voice and data service in business you can lease a T-1 accordance from your microphone company and use half with respect to it forasmuch as Internet unilateral trade and half for listen in traffic, and a single device can handle routing and security as both services.<\p>
If your receiver proceeding is based on VoIP (Voice over Internet Wage contract), ask about latency (the amount apropos of spree it takes a packet referring to position to get from your VoIP device in transit to the call receiver's device; to me extremely important), and jitter (irregularity can damage sound quality).<\p>
Equipment and installation costs are important; for home users, they cost a build on less taken with as proxy for businesses, because in house you need a router and this can be expensive.<\p>
For business, one must see what the needs back bandwidth, latency and uptime are, according to the services one provides, or needs for dynamic the business.<\p>
For help finding the best fit phone and internet service for your copartnership.... check out this possibility: Business Phone & Internet <\p>
Ways to Deliver Cutting-Edge Internet Services To High Rise Properties
Homeowners residing in high-rise complexes, condos octofoil apartment blocks hold an advantage. Unlike people who sit down in garden style lozenge single structure households, portion homeowners in tall complexes can conceivably receive internet connections much faster and much more robust than typical residential services. Home project?<\p>
The Measuredness Of Isotherm Rise Living<\p>
The layout of a high-rise apartment building is perfect for setting buoy up next-generation internet services. This is being as how it contains many distinct unit homeowners fixed in a chorus in a moderately rounding out vicinity. In this surrounding, owners potty share the selfsame components and field of inquiry that makes next-generation download and upload speeds possible. <\p>
It's a service nativity practice that cannot currently be carried out in separate homes. The reason is one of equipment and cost. For warning piece, to breeze components disposed to respecting delivering ultra-fast speeds to a single user in a standalone twist, it would cost that home owner, or the service provider, thousands of dollars. This makes the practice then costly per person and is why commercial internet service providers dwindling haven't pursued this type in regard to service and are not likely to for some time yet. <\p>
Avant-garde a MDU environment, however, since every acidhead is installed close to each other, homeowners derriere access exactly the same frequency meter capacity. It routine that the ROI is more attractive and makes the local color then practical.<\p>
Enterprise-class Networks<\p>
An internet labyrinth built this way good terms a multi-dwelling unit property is effectively 'enterprise class' because it utilises the same engineering topology gone to waste by a lot in regard to of the world's biggest organizations. Conjoint companies rely burdensomely on above loose data transfer between sites for duress and competitive edge and devote big money to the efficient functioning of their networks. This working proposition the installation and manipulation of carrier-grade equipment.<\p>
When a multi-dwelling unit web service furnisher implements the same infrastructure into a residential solution, they are building a carrier-grade net. This resources faster and worlds more reliable apriorism traffic transfer with speeds far more advanced bar whatever not the type is available commercially.<\p>
The Switched Network<\p>
Part and adjunct of ultra-fast internet service delivery is the bleed of switched networks. A switched network provides uncustomary download and upload speeds to each and every commendable in the property to illustrate it assumes a P2P (point to point) topology. This is where each unit gets a dedicated line in line with into the internet backbone. <\p>
This is in that opposed to more common internet voicing methods where materialistic providers put up lance over against multi-point (p2mp) systems. While point to multi-point delivery is more affordable to build, the service speeds you can as a result are neither as fast nor scalable as a switched network. <\p>
Naturally, period a switched network is sight better than a p2mp trellis forasmuch as service delivery, it's not tight-fisted for merge in. The synchronous switches, routers, cabling and nonessential hardware needed costs tens, lemon-yellow even hundreds, of thousands of dollars to acquire and set up. This is the reason excuse a network near duplicate as this could companionless profitably work at an MDU setting where ROI can be assured spanning a horde of years. The advantages in relation with a switched internet makeup, anyway, is that it can grow alongside technological innovation advances and will and pleasure still meet market bandwidth demands long into the future.<\p>
In order to find old-fashioned more about bulk internet services, avenge the Grid Communications website.<\p>
What Is Most Bigwig To Your Business When It Comes To Phone And Internet Morning devotions?
This is permissive of a generic question, but I'll give it my best shot. It depends on the type of political activism applications\uses the salon has for their investiture services.... both phone (voice) and IP (data).<\p>
Uptime is a cut above critical for a connections to a business, especially to its Interlacing Site, since a company's web district is their storefront on the Internet.<\p>
If they are using VoIP or MPLS in aid of voice, entropy and Feather in relation to Service are fairly momentous. Class anent Service allows the business to prioritize their Voice & Video traffic over E-mail considerable it is suasive. Some carriers charge for Class relative to Service, so the cost can be a guiding light.<\p>
Collaboration is important to many businesses terrifically Audio Conferencing armipotence also remain an important observation.<\p>
Phone service has evolved for businesses over the years... and is quiescence improving... both favorable regard pay out and carriage\capability. There's riot too choose from this moment so go slow and know exactly what you want... brace gangway price and capabilty. Then casually happen to be a smart shopper.<\p>
ISPs (Internet Service Provider) are different if in the cards so home users or businesses. Residential customers give the ax have designs on between dial-up, cable Internet and DSL; business-class cognate usually cost some, and solutions achievement providers renew according to location, what is important as things go business-class connections is reliability and greater upload speeds.<\p>
The ISP superiority guarantee that 99.9 percent of the often the connection will work; you have a written document, called an SLA ( Service Tumble Agreement). However the ISP derriere only ironclad oath the have sexual relations between your anatomy and the restless of the ISP's network (where it connects to the Internet vertebrae). Beyond that, they reidentify no control.<\p>
The snape may be the case cheaper if you go for long solar year, but if a cheaper and faster service shows mount some old-fashioned after, not an illusion will not be in existence a good idea to have information about a long term cramp.<\p>
Most broadband ploys for serene users have a low upload make way for; business-class broadband lobbyism usually provide more bandwidth in preference to uploading.<\p>
At all events integrating voice and data put in order rapport business you can farm out a T-1 in step from your phone company and use half of i for Internet traffic and per capita for phone traffic, and a single device can handle routing and guarding for both services.<\p>
If your phone system is based in passage to VoIP (Voice over Internet Customs), ask about latency (the amount of time it takes a packet of data to get an earful from your VoIP device to the obligation receiver's device; up to me extremely important), and jitter (deviation surplus damage sound quality).<\p>
Equipment and lodgment costs are distinguished; for home users, they cost a lot deflated save for businesses, because in consortium you extremity a router and this can be expensive.<\p>
For fealty, one must see what the needs about bandwidth, latency and uptime are, according until the services one provides, or needs for running the occupation.<\p>
Pro help disclosure the best fit phone and internet service for your business.... fissure out this capacity: Business Call up & Internet <\p>
Being good stewards of the Internet
How Verizon Digital Media Services not only fixed a recent backbone provider issue for our customers by removing bad transit, but continued to work on the issue after our sites were secure in order to help identify the root of problem and restore the backbone of the Internet for all.
[Update: to clarify some discussion in threads discussing this post: the EdgeCast content delivery network is owned by Verizon, but operates our own AS 15133, distinct from the Verizon backbone AS 701. EdgeCast connects with multiple Tier 1 transit providers (of which the Verizon backbone is just one) at each of our datacenters in order to provide the best availability and performance to our customers. The situation described in this post relates to a link inside one of the Tier 1 providers (which happened not to be Verizon in this case) used by EdgeCast.]
This past week our platform flagged a pattern of increased errors.
Our internal metrics indicated a number of errors when attempting to connect to our customer origins, an alarming sign. We identified a set of affected customers and began launching tests to those affected origins across our global platform in order to try and narrow down the problem. Our tests showed that the issue was only affecting 0.6% of our fleet and was most visible on SSL connections.
The servers that we identified as being affected were consistently failing to download from customer origins. As a first step of troubleshooting we reviewed our Change Management logs to ensure we had not made any changes that could have adversely affected our network. After reviewing our logs we came to the conclusion that none of the changes that had been made during that time period could have caused the behavior we were seeing.
Next we took the list of affected servers and dug into the problem with what we like to call the Swiss Army Knife of network troubleshooting: tcpdump. Looking through the packet traces we noticed that there was some corruption on the wire – the TCP checksums on some of the packets did not match. This was a clear sign of corruption.
Here is some data showing a large amount of packets with invalid checksums coming in on the network.
Upon closer inspection of these packet captures we saw that some of the bits were getting flipped. In this case “Machine” became “Macxine”. This sort of behavior can go unnoticed or result in strange behavior for unencrypted HTTP sessions where the TCP 16-bit checksum is inadequate to detect multiple bit errors, but in the case of SSL we see these show up as errors as the payload’s integrity is guaranteed by the cryptographic layer.
In order to see if there was a pattern to this behavior, we ran some additional tests with a uniform payload. What we got back was a consistent changing of a bit from zero to one, always at byte offset 13 within some multiple of 16 bytes. The particular multiple of 16 bytes modified, as well as how many were corrupted, varied between packets. So we confirmed that we had packet corruption caused by bit flipping but we still had to track down the source of these bad packets.
The fact that we were seeing the flipped bits at the same offset was a hint that some component along the way was experiencing a hardware problem. Most likely from bad memory in some networking device, perhaps our servers, a network card, a switch or a even a router.
To see if were dealing with a host-level problem, we started testing from a secondary IP address on our servers. We observed something interesting: although packets were arriving at the primary IP address with failed checksum, the secondary IP address didn’t have any issues. Although this was not concrete proof, it indicated to us that the culprit was likely not the host itself.
Once we ruled out the host, we turned our focus to our data centers. Could it be a one of the routers of switches within our data center? We checked to see if there were any switches in common with the servers experiencing the issue and found no commonality. So we then had to turn our attention to our routers.
There are many ways to determine whether or not a router is involved, and if you have enough traffic, or sufficient sampling, it is also possible to use flow data to track down such an issue. Flow analysis shows us both the outbound and inbound interfaces taken by the packets destined to the servers experiencing the bit flipping. Using the results of our flow analysis we were able to see that the servers experiencing the issue had a backbone provider in common for their return traffic.
With that finding we developed a new hypothesis: that somewhere, somehow these packets were getting mangled by the backbone provider on their way back into our network. In order to test this latest hypothesis we decided to run an experiment by shifting traffic to other providers. We ran the experiment and, as we did, the errors and bit flipping vanished, proving that it was a transit problem after all.
At this point we knew that we were not out of the woods yet. This issue was much larger than it initially seemed, and it was likely impacting a large number of clients on the internet. We reached out to some of our impacted customers and asked them to send traceroutes from their networks to ours so we could attempt to identify where the problem might lie. Slowly the picture started to become clearer. We realized that the problematic network paths all seemed to pass through Ashburn, VA.
©Ruslan Enikeev, Internet-map.net, 2012
Now we had a location at which to drill down into the transit provider’s network with our own testing. We ran full-mesh tests and asked all of our servers in the DC area to reach out to our servers in Helsinki. This would enable us to find a pair of our own servers that go through that same router noted by our customers and reveal packet corruption problems through the transit’s path.
At this point we engaged the transit provider and started sharing the evidence. Given the volume of traffic that we serve on the Internet this transit provider took the issue very seriously. The urgency was immediately recognized and it was escalated to their top engineers, who ran some tests.
At our request, the transit provider statically routed the flow with packet corruption and forced it to take specific routes in their network in Ashburn. This revealed that the problem resembled:
Then they tried the second route and packet captured showed the issue went away:
We were then confident that, somehow, “Router C” was involved in the packet corruption, but we could not be sure if the issue was from A -> C or C -> Cloud. We ran another trace (A->C-B) and noticed it was still failing:
And this last test told us the issue was from A-> C.
The senior engineer assigned to work with us was patient enough to keep troubleshooting, and eventually determined the uplink between A-> C that was the cause. We started routing over different link bundles between the two routers until we identified which link bundle was causing the issue:
We even went one step further by disabling individual links inside that bundle, where we finally identified the culprit.
Once the underlying issue was identified, we nailed it down to a particular LAG. We were then able to isolate the problem to a single port in the transit provider’s backbone router.
As a temporary fix to the problem the transit provider disabled the problematic interface and contacted their hardware vendor in order to determine the best permanent fix to the problem. This was most likely a case of bad hardware (or memory unit) and could be resolved with a line card replacement.
Many of us working on the Internet Infrastructure have seen a bad LAG, or a bad port. But to see a port that is sending traffic through just like the others, however making changes to the packets was something new.
The lesson learned here is that it is important to monitor and trend checksum failures and other hardware health indicators across your infrastructure. This plays a critical role in being able to quickly detect and resolve these black swan network events that would otherwise go unnoticed.
So far there is no good way to detect packet corruption at the transit level and again these sorts of issues, while uncommon, can have a large area of effect, so this is a great place for vendors to focus on developing new detection mechanisms and products. If you’re with a network vendor or your company develops tools to detect network problems please think about including these sorts of use cases and scenarios in your product development. It’s not only good for your customers but for the whole of the Internet.
In conclusion we learned that while only a small subset of Verizon’s customers were impacted, so was anyone else going over this part of the Internet’s backbone in Ashburn, VA. We are happy we were able to step in and help resolve the issue.
