On Guard Positions and Hand Protection
There’s a general trend in European sword fighting styles that I find very interesting. Note that I say general trend, and not 100%-accurate hard rule.
In general, earlier sword styles had minimal in-built hand protection, and guard positions (the general resting state between actions) which were further back, often behind the bulk of the body, and in general, later styles had hand protection gradually developing more robust, and moved towards guard positions held in front of the body, occasionally near full extension.
Overall, this makes some sense. If my hand is unprotected, I’m going to hold it out of attacking range until I’m actually doing something, while if my hand is more covered, then the quicker actions that having it forward will allow become feasible.
However, in the discussions of this phenomenon, what I’ve not been able to find is agreement on the chicken-and-egg question, and I feel like it may be a mix of both. With slightly improved hand protection, I might try a more forward guard position, and with a more forward guard position, I might look into a more protective hilt.
The later styles also tended towards the thrust, over the cut, though there are cutting-heavy styles with significant hand protection and very forward guards, such as later sabre techniques, so while that may be a factor, it’s not the whole story.
Saying that there wasn’t as much in-built hand protection in earlier swords is not, of course, to say that the hand was undefended. While gauntlets of plate steel entered the scene a lot later than you might think, mail-backed gauntlets and other such things were known, but even then, that wasn’t the main protection for the hand.
The main protection for the sword hand... was the shield. Reconstructions of viking fighting techniques usually have the two working in tandem to a great extent, and this can also be seen in early fighting manuals such as I.33 (c.1320s), which uses sword and buckler (small hand-shield).
In I.33, only two guards are shown with the sword forward of the body (there are a few on the body, but they count as a rear-held guard for these purposes) and in those two, the hand is almost entirely protected by the buckler.
In fact, throughout the manual, the sword and buckler hands only separate in two circumstances: when the sword is well behind the body, in which case the buckler moves to cover the entire arm (such as by guarding at the elbow when that part is furthest forward), or when the engagement has closed, and the buckler is holding the opponent’s sword under control, in which case it is thus protecting the entire self.
I can’t say if there’s some deep point to be reached from this, but it can be a tactical thing to think about - it’s useful to adjust your techniques to your equipment and circumstances.