#mark leary

[nofatclips]

Marooned by Saboteurs from the album Dance With The Hunted - Lyrics video edited by Mark Leary from Le spectre rouge by Segundo de Chomón

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

MacDonald, Geoff, and Mark R. Leary. "Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain." Psychological bulletin 131.2 (2005): 202.

“Because inclusion in social groups has been a key to survival for social animals deep into the past, we propose that threats to one’s social connections are processed at a basic level as a severe threat to one’s safety. (...)

Phrased differently, for social animals, being socially excluded was often equivalent to death.

As a result, the process of natural selection favored those who were motivated to be included, meaning such animals were more likely to leave viable descendants.”

——

“In fact, we argue that such threats are partly mediated by the same system that processes physical pain because the pain system was already in place when social animals evolved adaptations for responding to social exclusion. (...)

The phrase “I am hurt” could just as easily refer to the result of a physical injury as to one’s reaction to a relationship dissolution.

In fact, many of the terms used to describe social pain, if taken literally, would be great sources of physical pain.

For example, people may say that they were “broken hearted,” “cut to the core,” or “emotionally scarred” by a rejection or other loss of social connection.”

——

“Relational devaluation refers to feeling less valued as a relational partner (e.g., friend, romantic partner, group member) than one desires.

We argue that such devaluation is experienced as aversive because it signals an increased probability of ultimate exclusion.

The acute emotional distress felt in response to relational devaluation is known as hurt feelings.

However, other affective states such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, or jealousy can also serve as signs that one is not living up to the standards of valued others, and thus we consider these emotions to be aspects of social pain as well.”

——

“Thus, experiencing painful emotions in connection with social exclusion guides an individual away from sources of rejection and toward sources of acceptance.

Indeed, people are highly attuned to social cues indicating that social pain is likely and work to avoid social pain when such cues are detected.”

Source: MacDonald, Geoff, and Mark R. Leary. "Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain." Psychological bulletin 131.2 (2005): 202.

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

MacDonald, Geoff, and Mark R. Leary. “Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain.” Psychological bulletin 131.2 (2005): 202.

“Extraversion–introversion appears to have an important relation to both social and physical pain. 

Extraverts are more sociable and outgoing than introverts, partly because they are less afraid of being rejected and hurt in social settings. Indeed, extraversion is negatively related to rejection sensitivity.

Further, extraversion is positively related to self-esteem, a variable strongly tied to the belief that one is acceptable to other people.

Extraversion is also related to physical pain. A review of research by Phillips and Gatchel (2000) showed that extraverts demonstrated both higher pain thresholds (the point at which pain is detected) and higher pain tolerance (the degree of pain that can be withstood).

It is interesting to note, however, that extraverts are more likely than introverts to express that they are in physical pain. 

If one considers that expressing injury could be taken as a sign of weakness, it appears that introverts, who are more wary of being rejected, may want to hide their hurt.

As a result, introverts may express less pain than extraverts even while experiencing it more intensely.”

Source: MacDonald, Geoff, and Mark R. Leary. “Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain.” Psychological bulletin 131.2 (2005): 202.

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

Leary, Mark R. "Motivational and emotional aspects of the self." Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58 (2007): 317-344.

“Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem is part of a sociometer that monitors people’s relational value in other people’s eyes.

Because people’s well-being requires that they be valued and accepted by other people, people must be attuned to indications that other people do not value them as social interactants, group members, and relationship partners.

When people detect cues that other people may reject them, they are alerted by an aversive loss of self-esteem. (...)

According to sociometer theory, people do not self-enhance for its own sake but rather because they are trying to increase their value and acceptance in others’ eyes (...)”

——

“People internalize others’ values, then use those values to judge themselves. 

Importantly, the emotional consequences of these imagined reactions help to regulate people’s behavior even in the absence of explicit feedback from others. (...)

Social anxiety arises when people are motivated to make a particular impression on others but doubt that they will be able to do so,

and embarrassment occurs when people believe that others have already formed an undesired impression of them.

Social anxiety is clearly an interpersonal emotion that is involved in detecting and responding to events that have implications for the degree to which people are valued and accepted by others.”

——

“In fact, the ability to think consciously about oneself may be necessary in order to draw inferences about other people’s perceptions of oneself and may have evolved for just that purpose. (...)

That is, human beings are not inherently motivated to create or sustain certain mental images or feelings about themselves (i.e., they may have no self-motives per se)

but rather are motivated to create and sustain certain kinds of interpersonal relationships for which these motives and emotions are relevant. (...)

This is not to say that people never use their powers of self-reflection to create psychological states to reduce anxiety, promote feelings of accomplishment, or make themselves feel good when situational conditions would not otherwise elicit such states naturally.

But self-relevant rationalizations, illusions, biases, and other cognitive shenanigans are not likely to be the fundamental purpose of the self-motives and self-conscious emotions discussed here.”

[maaarine]

MBTI & Ideas

MacDonald, Geoff, and Mark R. Leary. "Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain." Psychological bulletin 131.2 (2005): 202.

“Because inclusion in social groups has been a key to survival for social animals deep into the past, we propose that threats to one’s social connections are processed at a basic level as a severe threat to one’s safety.

In fact, we argue that such threats are partly mediated by the same system that processes physical pain because the pain system was already in place when social animals evolved adaptations for responding to social exclusion.”

——

“Extraversion–introversion appears to have an important relation to both social and physical pain.

Extraverts are more sociable and outgoing than introverts, partly because they are less afraid of being rejected and hurt in social settings. Indeed, extraversion is negatively related to rejection sensitivity.

Further, extraversion is positively related to self-esteem, a variable strongly tied to the belief that one is acceptable to other people.

Extraversion is also related to physical pain. A review of research by Phillips and Gatchel showed that extraverts demonstrated both higher pain thresholds (the point at which pain is detected) and higher pain tolerance (the degree of pain that can be withstood).

It is interesting to note, however, that extraverts are more likely than introverts to express that they are in physical pain.

If one considers that expressing injury could be taken as a sign of weakness, it appears that introverts, who are more wary of being rejected, may want to hide their hurt.

As a result, introverts may express less pain than extraverts even while experiencing it more intensely. (...)

In general, then, introverts appear to have a higher level of reactivity to both physical and social pain than extraverts, supporting the notion that the two types of pain operate via common mechanisms.”

[kenyatta]

What Would Happen If Everyone Truly Believed Everything Is One?

New research suggests a belief in oneness has broad implications for psychological functioning and compassion for those are outside of our immediate circle

The belief that everything in the universe is part of the same fundamental whole exists throughout many cultures and philosophical, religious, spiritual, and scientific traditions, as captured by the phrase 'all that is.' The Nobel winner Erwin Schrodinger once observed that quantum physics is compatible with the notion that there is indeed a basic oneness of the universe. Therefore, despite it seeming as though the world is full of many divisions, many people throughout the course of human history and even today truly believe that individual things are part of some fundamental entity. 

Despite the prevalence of this belief, there has been a lack of a well validated measure in psychology that captures this belief. While certain measures of spirituality do exist, the belief in oneness questions are typically combined with other questions that assess other aspects of spirituality, such as meaning, purpose, sacredness, or having a relationship with God. What happens when we secularize the belief in oneness?

In a recent series of studies, Kate Diebels and Mark Leary set out to find out. 

[...]

Those who scored higher on this scale were much more likely to have an identity that extends beyond the individual to encompass wider aspects of humankind, life, nature, and even the cosmos. In fact, a belief in oneness was more strongly related to feeling connected with distant people and aspects of the natural world than with people with whom one is close! Also, while a belief in oneness was related to actual experiences of oneness ("mystical experiences"), there was no relationship between a belief in oneness and feeling closer to God during a spiritual experience.

In their second study, the researchers looked at values and self-views that might be related to the belief in oneness. They found that a belief in oneness was related to values indicating a universal concern for the welfare of other people, as well as greater compassion for other people. A belief in oneness was also associated with feeling connected to others through a recognition of our common humanity, common problems, and common imperfections. At the same time, there was no relationship between a belief in oneness and the degree to which people endorsed self-focused values such as hedonism, self-direction, security, or achievement. This means that people can have a belief in oneness and still have a great deal of self-care, healthy boundaries, and self-direction in life.

People who believe that everything is fundamentally one differ in crucial ways from those who do not. In general, those who hold a belief in oneness have a more inclusive identity that reflects their sense of connection with other people, nonhuman animals, and aspects of nature that are all thought to be part of the same "one thing." This has some rather broad implications.

[chempathetic-fallacy]

While looking into this study, it turns out that there are ~scientifically verified~ (whatever that means and the problems with that in itself) scales to rate social interaction anxiety and such (warning for being very heteronormative) but here you go!

Interaction Anxiousness Scale

Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale

Need to Belong Scale

Blushing Propensity Scale

Hurt Feelings Scale

Impostorism Scale

Social Physique Anxiety Scale