The belief that knowledge ought to be useful was of course not some free-floating idea. Rather, it was an integral part of the formation of early modern states and the concomitant politics of knowledge. In fact, the practice of government in early modern Europe was increasingly based on the systematic collection of information arranged for practical purposes, such as public finances (économie politique, kameralnaja nauka), the mapping of the state territory (cartography), and the welfare and surveillance of the governed (political arithmetic, statistics and Polizeiwissenschaft). Not without good reason did Max Weber describe the rise of bureaucracy, one of the key factors in the development of early modern states, as the ‘exercise of control on the basis of knowledge’ (Weber 1922: 339).
Feldner and Vighi, Critical Theory and the Crisis of Contemporary Capitalism
The rise of the ‘life sciences’ during the second half of the eighteenth century shows the extent to which the ‘anthropological turn’ included a number of opposite trends. The development of the life sciences was underpinned by a resurgence of notions such as active matter, self-generating motion and purposive development, which regained some of their former currency. ‘Organ’, ‘organism’ and ‘organization’ replaced ‘machine’, ‘mechanism’ and ‘mechanisation’ as lead metaphors in the process. This goes to show that the shift from Aristotelian to experiential idioms, in the sciences as well as in political thought, was neither a clear-cut process nor one that was ever complete. Not only Romanticism, Marx’s Capital, too, would have been inconceivable otherwise.
Feldner and Vighi, Critical Theory and the Crisis of Contemporary Capitalism
The question is not: is it true? But: does it work? What new thoughts does it make it possible to think? What new emotions does it make it possible to feel? What new sensations and perceptions does it open in the body?
The answer for some readers, perhaps most will be ‘none.’ IF that happens, it’s not your tune. No problem.
Brian Massumi’s forward to Deleuze and Guattari’s A Thousand Plateaus


















