#mineral processing

[iamthepulta]

@joemomrgneissguy SPACE MINING. HO BOY.

So when mining comes into a conversation, there are several 'laws' of mining and processing that I like to consider that people tend to forget:

Location and rarity of commodity

Location and rarity of extraction techniques/reagents

What is necessary for this operation to work?

Where does the finished product go?

Some of these are extraneous. Theoretically, we don't have to care that iron is common on earth and might be present on the moon, so it changes the conversation from "why?" to "how would we?". Same with extraction and reagents. If you don't care how expensive it is to ship- for example: water and carbon dioxide to the moon because you want to process He-3, nothing can stop you.

However, what will stop planning, is processing. Blowing up a rock is easy. Collecting the rock and breaking it into a usable form is not. If there isn't a plan for exactly what commodity is being mined and how to separate it and all the equipment that needs to be made to get it into a usable form, and a plan to get that equipment into space. God help the poor bastard.

And fundamentally, no matter HOW you turn it, people use the finished product. If there are no people where you are mining the Thing, you need to have a way for the Thing to get back to the people who need it. WHY are you mining the Thing? What is economic about the Thing being made? and Is it worth the money?

[angry geologist rant under the cut]

So the thing about space and asteroids is metals come in native form a lot of the time because there's nothing to oxidize them; it makes processing simpler and the density increases profit. This is usually what people talk about when they go off about space mining: Ohh, if we just reach this asteroid 400 years away there's so much Gold and Platinum! Ohh, if we just crashed a FUCKING ASTEROID INTO EARTH OR MARS we could be so rich!

However this is a LIE for two reasons: It's actually harder to process straight sulfides or straight metal because they aren't brittle. Instead of breaking into smaller pieces you can separate and process, they jam the crusher. Universities with mining departments often have huge chunks of impressive high-grade sitting around that were donated by companies when they jammed their fucking system. If you can't break it down, it's a useless fucking clump of rock.

Secondly, even if you have native metals clumped together like an iron-nickel asteroid, unless you want an iron-nickel product, you have to separate them. Since it's not brittle, you would have to pour a bunch of hydrochloric on it and wait for the reaction to dissolve the outer surface.

And all this is assuming the metals are on Earth. If not, you have to figure out how to do this in space. How much HCl will you need? How are you going to fly it up there? How are you going to break it down? How are you going to replace parts when they inevitably break?

The big "commodity" on the moon is Helium-3, which is extremely rare on Earth. (So yes, we have a need, and yes, there's substantial reason to mine it in a place where it's more accessible.) The logic starts breaking down around "getting it back" and "how does the operation work": In moon quantities (up to 15 parts per billion (ppb)), you have to mine about 150 tons to extract 1g of He-3. That's not unreasonable, to be honest, since economic gold hovers around 7-12 ppb. And technically you'd only have to heat the rock to 600-700 C. However, things do melt at those temperatures. Then you have to get it back to earth. Either a SpaceX-style return and come back, or a drop shipments- It's just insane to me though that we would use SO MANY RESOURCES to rip up the fucking moon, even with an automated system, when if you look at He-3 we already produce what equals 11 pounds of He-3 yearly from Oil and Gas deposits, it's just not collected.

I have more beef with planets that are theoretically resource-rich, but people just- don't care about getting them back to Earth? Venus has significant metal-Sulfides and Tellurides in its atmosphere, which is why people joke about the "floating oxygen colonies" on Venus. But congratulations! You've colonized a planet that is inaccessible to human technology because anything we've ever designed will dissolve. Same with Europa. To design something that works on Venus - not to mention extracts things in the proper form to be used in human conditions - and/or get them back to Earth means redesigning how we think of the properties of the periodic table.

With extraction, we play a lot with oxidation states, and one of the rules is to stay within Earth's aqueous conditions. If you oxidize anything too much, your solution will want to vaporize to oxygen. Reduce anything too much, and your solution will want to vaporize to hydrogen gas.

So, if you design anything on Earth designed for conditions on Venus, it will be unstable. If you design anything on Venus meant for Earth, it will be unstable.

Which is kind of the end of my rant, I guess. Don't crash something into Earth unless you can process it. If you can process it in space, can you get it back? Who's responsible when the thing breaks? Why the fuck is money being spent when 9 times out of 10 we have it here on earth with the conditions we're familiar with?

If we've somehow depleted Earth enough that we need resources from other planets, which would insinuate we have not figured out how to recycle our own metals, which is untrue, and likewise we have no business in space anyway- Where did all our resources go? Are we leaving for those other planets? Do we have faster-than-light travel to collect the new resources in a timely manner?

There isn't even water in space half the time and if you do have a colony on Mars and tech bros are going to process all the hematite to build their shitty underground Martian city, are they shipping water from the north and south poles to do this? Have they figured out how to renew the carbon filters that are going to be needed to get all the waste and organics out of it once it's used?

In my opinion, it's all just fucking stupid. Space mining tries to answer a question that doesn't need to be asked with people who don't know how mineral processing works who haven't thought what the logistics require and don't care that entropy demands even minerals in stasis don't last forever. But it's ~new~ and the dollar signs on metallic asteroids gleam in their eyes and I want to take out Elon Musk's kneecaps.

[iamthepulta]

wait no please explain mineral processing!!!

I gasped in delight at the ask, haha. I love mineral processing.

Mineral processing is the theory of economically getting your desired element out of whatever it naturally comes in. So Li out of spodumene, or Cu out of chalcopyrite. It's usually split into hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy (liquid chemistry and melting the fuck out of it, respectively), and often taught as hard rock extraction, but you need it for Every Element, really. So you can also focus on extracting phosphates, or nitrates, or uranium! It's chemistry++~

Personally, I know the most about copper extraction and my focus is on hydrometallurgy/geometallurgy, although pyrometallurgy is near to my heart. Copper is coincidentally a really good example of how the two work because it comes as so many natural minerals. (Further explanations under the cut...)

So for copper minerals! You have a whole slew of oxides and sulfides. They occur in different part of your orebodies under different states of oxidation/sulfidation. Take Chrysocolla, Malachite, Chalcocite, and Chalcopyrite. (Cu-silicate)(an oxide), (Cu-carbonate)(an oxide), (Cu-Sulfide), and (Cu-Fe-Sulfide).

Mines usually use hydrometallurgy for oxides by sticking them in a leach heap and pouring sulfuric acid over the whole thing. The acid selectively picks up the Cu ion from silicates and carbonates, leaving the primary tetrahedra alone. The sulfides can work with this chemistry if the mineral's comfort zone is outside of the current conditions (Chalcocite does leach, but usually leaves a Cu ion in the structure as CuS) but minerals like Chalcopyrite are very poor leachers because the outer rim of ions are ripped away, leaving a somewhat-hypothetical "passive layer" of Fe/S that won't react with the acid. So if you have a mine with a lot of Chalcopyrite, you'll be leaving money on the table unless you do something.

So people use pyrometallurgy! Which is what we've been using since the Bronze Age, really. You crush the rock to micrometer grains, use the hydrophobic properties of sulfur to "float" the sulfides in water, then send all of it to the smelter and melt the shit out of it, while adding particular chemicals and minerals to enhance copper recovery while suppressing sulfides you don't want, like sphalerite and galena.

It's REALLY cool. I'm biased of course, but I absolutely love the whole cycle. xD Being in mineral processing also gets you on the backside of geopolitics because you're the only person who understands how to GET things and WHERE to get them and why it's not as simple as pulling Cu out of the ground.

Feel free to ask questions!! I love processing so much, and mining in general, even though I'm only a master's student.

((And NO STUPID QUESTIONS. The mining industry is a goddamn black box DO NOT feel bad if you don't know what stuff means or formulas, or processes. I swear I learn one new word a week. They also have fifty names for everything too because 50 names are always better than 1. 👍)

[vinayakmarakspark]

Why Is the High Pressure Grinding Roller Market Becoming Essential for Modern Mining Operations?

The High Pressure Grinding Roller Market is witnessing substantial growth as mining companies seek more energy-efficient and cost-effective comminution technologies. High Pressure Grinding Rollers (HPGRs) have emerged as a preferred solution for ore processing because they reduce energy consumption while improving mineral liberation rates. As mining operators face increasing pressure to optimize production costs and meet sustainability goals, HPGR technology is becoming a critical component of modern mineral processing plants. The High Pressure Grinding Roller Market was valued at USD 0.73 Billion in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 1.20 Billion by 2033, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2027 to 2033.

One of the primary factors driving market expansion is the growing demand for metals and minerals worldwide. Rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and renewable energy projects are increasing the need for copper, iron ore, gold, and other critical minerals. Mining companies are investing in advanced processing technologies that can maximize resource recovery while minimizing operational expenses. HPGR systems provide superior grinding efficiency compared to conventional crushers and mills, making them increasingly attractive for large-scale mining operations.

The environmental advantages of HPGR technology are also contributing to its growing adoption. Traditional grinding methods often consume significant amounts of electricity and generate higher operational emissions. In contrast, HPGR equipment offers lower energy requirements and reduced carbon footprints. As sustainability becomes a key business priority across the mining sector, companies are integrating energy-efficient solutions into their production processes to align with environmental regulations and corporate ESG commitments.

The Global High Pressure Grinding Roller Market is further benefiting from technological innovations that improve equipment reliability and performance. Manufacturers are developing advanced roller surfaces, wear-resistant materials, and intelligent monitoring systems that enhance equipment lifespan and reduce maintenance costs. Digitalization is enabling real-time performance analysis, allowing operators to optimize grinding efficiency and minimize downtime. These advancements are helping mining companies achieve greater productivity while reducing long-term operational expenditures.

Regional growth trends indicate strong opportunities across Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa, where mining activities continue to expand. Governments are encouraging investments in mineral exploration and processing infrastructure to support economic development. As a result, mining operators are increasingly adopting modern grinding technologies to improve competitiveness and maximize output. The integration of HPGR systems into both new and existing processing facilities is expected to accelerate over the coming years.

The future outlook for the market remains highly positive. Rising mineral demand, increasing energy costs, and growing environmental concerns are expected to support continued adoption of HPGR technology worldwide. As mining companies prioritize efficiency and sustainability, High Pressure Grinding Rollers will continue playing a vital role in transforming mineral processing operations.

[vinayakmarakspark]

Growth Drivers Shaping the High Pressure Grinding Roller Market in Mining Industry

High Pressure Grinding Roller Market is witnessing strong expansion as mining and mineral processing industries increasingly adopt energy-efficient comminution technologies to reduce operational costs and improve ore processing efficiency. HPGR technology is gaining significant traction because it offers higher throughput, lower energy consumption, and reduced wear compared to traditional grinding systems. The High Pressure Grinding Roller Market was valued at USD 0.73 Billion in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 1.20 Billion by 2033, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2027 to 2033.

The growing demand for efficient mineral processing solutions is a major factor driving adoption of HPGR systems globally. Mining companies are under pressure to optimize production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact, which has increased the preference for advanced grinding technologies. HPGR systems help improve particle liberation, making downstream processes like flotation and leaching more effective. This efficiency improvement is particularly important in processing hard ores such as iron ore, copper, and gold, where energy consumption is traditionally high.

Another important factor contributing to market growth is the rising focus on sustainability and energy efficiency in mining operations. HPGR systems consume significantly less energy compared to conventional grinding mills, making them a preferred choice for companies aiming to reduce carbon emissions and meet environmental regulations. Additionally, the reduced water usage in HPGR-based systems supports sustainable mining practices, especially in water-scarce regions. These advantages are encouraging mining companies worldwide to invest in modern grinding technologies.

Global High Pressure Grinding Roller Market is also benefiting from increasing infrastructure development and industrialization in emerging economies. Rapid urbanization is driving demand for metals and minerals, which in turn is boosting mining activity. Countries in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa are witnessing strong investments in mining projects, further increasing the demand for high-performance grinding equipment. Technological advancements such as improved roller surface design and automation integration are also enhancing operational efficiency and equipment lifespan.

Despite strong growth prospects, the market faces challenges such as high initial capital investment and maintenance complexity. HPGR systems require skilled operators and advanced maintenance practices, which can be a barrier for small mining companies. However, continuous innovation in equipment design and digital monitoring systems is helping reduce downtime and improve cost efficiency. As mining companies continue to modernize operations, the adoption of HPGR technology is expected to accelerate globally.

[volcanicidolhunter]

Global Flotation Reagents Market 2024-2033 Size, Share, Trends & Forecast

The Global Flotation Reagents Market is experiencing significant growth as industries such as mining, mineral processing, and wastewater treatment increasingly adopt advanced separation techniques. Flotation reagents are essential chemicals that enhance mineral recovery, improve ore quality, and optimize the efficiency of processing operations. With mining activities becoming more complex and environmental regulations tightening, the demand for high-performance and eco-friendly flotation chemicals is on the rise.

Increasing exploration of metals such as copper, gold, lithium, and other base and precious metals has fueled the market. Mining companies are now processing lower-grade ores, making efficient reagents critical to maintain output and profitability. Moreover, the global shift toward sustainable industrial processes is promoting the development and use of environmentally safe flotation reagents.

Rapid industrialization in emerging regions further supports market expansion. Countries across Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa are ramping up their mining and mineral processing infrastructure, which directly drives demand for flotation reagents.

Market Overview and Size

The Global Flotation Reagents Market is projected to reach a valuation of USD 6.6 billion in 2024, with expectations to grow to USD 11.4 billion by 2033, reflecting a CAGR of 6.2% during this period.

Key Market Drivers

Rising global demand for critical minerals in renewable energy applications

Increasing extraction of low-grade ores requiring advanced processing

Technological innovations in flotation chemistry

Expanding adoption in wastewater treatment

Growth of mining operations in developing economies

This growth reflects both mature demand in established mining regions and rising opportunities in emerging markets.

What Are Flotation Reagents?

Flotation reagents are chemical additives used in the froth flotation process to selectively separate valuable minerals from waste materials. By modifying surface properties of minerals, these reagents improve recovery rates and ore grades.

Main Types of Flotation Reagents

1. Collectors

Collectors increase the hydrophobicity of targeted minerals, allowing them to attach to air bubbles. Examples include:

Xanthates

Dithiophosphates

Fatty acids

2. Frothers

Frothers create and stabilize foam layers that carry minerals to the surface. They play a crucial role in bubble formation and flotation efficiency.

3. Modifiers

Modifiers control the flotation environment, including:

Activators

Depressants

Dispersants

pH regulators

Each reagent category is essential for achieving optimal separation performance.

Market Dynamics

Growth Drivers

Rising Mineral Demand The transition to clean energy and electric vehicles is driving demand for metals such as lithium, nickel, and copper. Advanced flotation processes with high-performance reagents are essential to meet this demand.

Lower Ore Grades Declining ore quality globally necessitates more efficient flotation reagents to maximize mineral recovery.

Industrial Wastewater Applications Flotation reagents are increasingly used in industries like oil & gas, paper, and food processing for water treatment, further broadening their market.

Market Restraints

Environmental Regulations Some flotation chemicals are hazardous, and stricter environmental regulations may limit the use of traditional reagents.

Raw Material Price Fluctuations Variations in chemical feedstock prices can impact production costs, influencing profitability for manufacturers.

Opportunities

Eco-Friendly Reagents Biodegradable and low-toxicity reagents are gaining attention. Companies developing green solutions are expected to capture greater market share.

Emerging Mining Regions New mining initiatives in Africa, Asia, and Latin America create growth potential for reagent suppliers.

Digital Mineral Processing AI and automation in flotation operations demand highly precise and consistent reagent formulations.

Market Segmentation

By Type

Collectors

Frothers

Modifiers

Others

Collectors currently dominate due to their key role in enhancing mineral attachment and recovery.

By Application

Sulfide ores

Non-sulfide ores

Industrial minerals

Others

Sulfide ores lead in demand, driven by copper and gold mining operations.

By End-Use Industry

Mining

Water & Wastewater Treatment

Paper & Pulp

Others

Mining remains the primary consumer of flotation reagents, accounting for the majority of global demand.

Emerging Trends

Sustainable Chemicals Eco-friendly reagents, including low-toxicity collectors and biodegradable frothers, are becoming central to modern mineral processing.

Tailings Reprocessing Mature mines are revisiting tailings to extract residual minerals, increasing the demand for specialized flotation reagents.

Customized Solutions Tailored reagent packages and technical support for site-specific operations are increasingly preferred over generic chemicals.

Automation and Smart Systems Digital and AI-driven flotation systems require precise, stable reagents, driving innovation in chemical performance.

Competitive Landscape

The market is moderately consolidated, with leading chemical manufacturers competing through product innovation, sustainability, and technical services.

Key Strategies Include:

Developing green chemistry solutions

Strategic partnerships with mining operations

Expanding manufacturing capacity in growth regions

Offering integrated technical support

Pursuing mergers and acquisitions

Download a Complimentary PDF Sample Report: https://dimensionmarketresearch.com/request-sample/flotation-reagents-market/

Regional Analysis

North America

North America is expected to lead the Global Flotation Reagents Market, accounting for 45.4% of total revenue by 2024, with steady growth through 2033. Key drivers include:

Advanced mining infrastructure

Presence of major mining companies

High technology adoption

Environmental regulations promoting premium reagents

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific is forecasted to grow fastest due to rapid industrialization, increasing mining projects, and government support for mineral production. China, India, and Australia are key markets.

Europe

Growth in Europe is driven by sustainability initiatives, strict environmental compliance, and recycling projects that demand advanced reagents.

Latin America

Major copper and precious metal mining operations in Chile, Peru, and Brazil fuel demand for flotation reagents.

Middle East & Africa

Emerging mining projects and resource exploration in this region provide new opportunities for reagent suppliers.

Future Outlook

The Global Flotation Reagents Market is poised for steady expansion. Long-term growth is supported by:

Rising demand for critical minerals for clean energy

Complex ore processing requirements

Environmental and regulatory pressures

Adoption of digital and automated flotation systems

Circular economy initiatives

Suppliers focusing on sustainability, customization, and technical collaboration are well-positioned for success.

FAQs

1. What are flotation reagents? Flotation reagents are chemicals used in froth flotation to separate valuable minerals from waste, improving recovery and ore quality.

2. What drives the market growth? Key drivers include rising demand for critical minerals, declining ore grades, increasing mining activity, and industrial wastewater applications.

3. Which reagent type dominates the market? Collectors dominate, as they are essential for making minerals hydrophobic for effective flotation.

4. Why is North America a leading market? Advanced mining infrastructure, major mining firms, technology adoption, and environmental regulations drive North America’s market leadership.

5. What opportunities exist in this market? Eco-friendly reagents, expansion in emerging mining regions, AI-driven optimization, and tailings reprocessing are key opportunities.

Key Insights

The Global Flotation Reagents Market is projected to grow from USD 6.6 billion in 2024 to USD 11.4 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 6.2%. North America dominates with a 45.4% revenue share, while Asia-Pacific represents the fastest-growing region. Long-term growth will be shaped by sustainability, digitalization, and tailored reagent solutions. Companies that innovate with green chemistry and provide technical support are expected to capture the largest market share in the coming decade.

If you want, I can also create a completely fresh SEO-optimized meta title, description, and headings structure for this rewritten article to maximize your search visibility. Do you want me to do that?

Purchase the report for comprehensive details: https://dimensionmarketresearch.com/checkout/flotation-reagents-market/

[steqtech]

Future Trends in Mineral Separation: AI, Robotics, and Digital Twins

The future of mineral separation is here, bringing smarter, cleaner, and more profitable solutions to the industry. As demand for high-purity materials grows, businesses that embrace innovation will lead the market.

Artificial intelligence, robotics, and virtual modeling are no longer futuristic; they are practical tools that drive efficiency, reduce waste, and improve sustainability in mineral recovery processes.

[fuckyeahmining]

Need someone to do this to my back

[crimsonpublishersminingscience]

Quantitative Comparison of Mineral Ash from Agro-Industrial Waste for Use as Pozzolanic Additions in Cement: Kinetic Parameters

In this research work a synthetic review of the quantitative characterization of various materials (sugar cane waste ashes, bamboo leaf ash, calcined paper sludge, loessic soils, zeolite, fly ash and silica fume) based on the computing of the kinetic parameters of the pozzolanic reaction in pozzolan/calcium hydroxide(CH) systems is offered. The paper presents of more relevant results in the quantitative characterization (computing of the kinetic parameters) of the pozzolanic reaction of different materials originated from agriculture, mining or industry activities carried out by the authors.Two pozzolanic activity tests (conductometric method and accelerated chemical method) are employed. A kinetic-diffusive model (published by the authors in previous works) is used to describe the pozzolanic reaction. The kinetic parameters that characterize the process (in particular, the reaction rate constant and free energy of activation) are determined with relative accuracy in the fitting process of the model. The pozzolanic activity is quantitatively evaluated according to the results obtained for the kinetic parameters. This allows the comparison in a direct way of the pozzolanic reactivity of the materials, which is very useful for the employment of these materials for envisaged applications. The values of the reaction rate constant jointly with the free energy of activation give a precise index of the reactivity or pozzolanic activity of the materials. Complementary experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), were also employed, but not shown in the paper for space reason since that would necessitate a much larger paper.

Read more about this article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/fulltext/AMMS.000619.php

Read more about our journal: https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/