The Chinese PL-15 is often reported with a range of up to 200 to 300 km, while the AIM-120D is commonly cited at around 160 km. But those headline numbers come with a ginormous asterisk. Missile range depends heavily on launch conditions, and real combat is nothing like a clean test range. Altitude, speed and geometry can make a huge difference. 1/3
In Ukraine, Russian long range SAMs and Su-35s armed with the R-37M force Ukrainian fighters to stay low and use terrain masking. That means less speed and altitude at launch, more drag and far less energy available to the missile. The result is a much smaller effective engagement envelope. It's simple maths. A missile launched from 5,000 ft does not have the same kinematic options as one fired from 35,000 ft at high speed. 2/3
But, but, but...this is where modern active radar homing missiles like the AIM-120 and Meteor become hugely valuable. A Ukrainian F-16 armed with an AMRAAM can briefly pop up, launch, then immediately dive back into cover. The missile continues the engagement without the fighter maintaining a continuous radar lock. The range may be restricted, yes, but the survivability advantage remains. For Russian pilots, the threat of an AMRAAM shot changes how they fight. That is the real value of a BVRAAM. Not just how far it can fly, but how it changes the way the other guy fights. 3/3