Big Data and Market Segmentation
What big data means for society
The use of big data allows for an accurate market segmentation that can be used to allocate resources in the most effective manner possible. This information, when used accurately, will allow businesses and campaigns to run much more efficiently. The accurate predictive modeling can help prevent mistakes. What it means for society is that we will be singled out by big companies, we will get increasingly personalized letters and emails, and hopefully we will never have to see previews for a movie like Jon Carter again.
This precise targeting is made possible by the use of massive databases. These databases gather as much information about people as they can and then assimilate it in a way that provides insight into trends and create profiles of the people in it. For example, Target assigns each customer an id number that tracks every transaction they make at Target. They then assimilate all of that data and can analyze it to see which shoppers are likely pregnant. If we had access to their database we could likely ascertain this with a simple query request.
WHERE Purchase='Prenatal Vitamins';
Extensive databases are used by anybody who has the ability to garner enough interactions to create a meaningful amount of data. Whether it be Wal-Mart, the local grocer, Obama for America, or a schoolboard election; databases can be used for more accurate segmentation. Target is known for their exceptional use of data mining to figure out when and which coupons to send customers in order to maximize profits. Obama for America called their data the number one "institutional advantage" they had over the Romney Campaign. They used their data to help raise $1 billion in donations and help win the 2012 election. Movie studios use data to determine how much money a movie is going to make and can budget and release a film accordingly. Although not everybody has the luxury of massive databases specific to their company, everyone has access to the census and other public databases that they can glean insight from.
Where do they get the information?
The data is gathered through the use of cookies, sign-ups, and transactions. Obama for America has been gathering data about people since the 2008 campaign using cookies. These tiny files that are stored on the user’s browser are able to track where the user is going and what they are doing on the Internet. This gave OFA a huge advantage over the Romney campaign who had a much shorter window to gather data. Target gets data from transactions. Each time an item is scanned a transaction is recorded so that they can create massive profiles of each of their customers. Analysts then study this data and can make assumptions based on patterns.
There are many concerns about the use of big data for segmentation. Privacy can easily be invaded without breaking any laws because these companies are so good at figuring us out. “Sometimes data-savvy companies get so excited by their analytical horsepower that they don't stop to think of how their business intelligence is perceived by outside parties.” Target got into some hot water after sending coupons to a pregnant high school student that had yet to tell her parents. Extremely specific targeting can feel creepy and unsettling to the targeted if not done subtly. Another concern I had while reading these articles is the possibility of data ruining art. Like Bleacher Report taking away the journalists role in journalism, movie studios may strip artistic freedom away from the director in favor of data driven results. This is okay if we get less Jon Carter and more House of Cards, but what if it meant we never got It's a Wonderful Life or The Wire?