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Shirt and skirt are doublets: they both stem from Proto-Germanic *skurtijōn. Shirt was inherited. It underwent the sound changes that turned Proto-Germanic into English. Skirt was borrowed from another Germanic language: Old Norse. Here's the finale of my doublets series: Germanic doublets in English.
Sometimes you lend something which is then returned in an unrecognisable state. That's what happened to reborrowings, words that traveled to another language and then back to the originating language in a different form and with a different meaning. Two images, eight examples.
Sometimes, words were saved from death because they were borrowed. The descendants of Proto-Germanic *uzgōlīn (pride) became extinct in Germanic, but borrowings live on in Romance: e.g. French orgueil and Italian orgoglio. Proto-Germanic *haifstiz (conflict) was even brought back to Germanic thanks to Old French borrowing haste.
In the Early Middle Ages, the ancestor of French borrowed many words from Old Frankish, a Germanic language spoken by the elite of the Frankish Empire. When this elite adopted the Romance language, it got their name: françois, now français: French. Here are some of the borrowings.
