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Meeting Online_Clarence Mark Phillips, Ph.D. (Department of Philosophy, University of New Orleans)
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#overall: this generation of philosophers were able to create concepts and further figure out implications out of them, which becomes ethos. (Inferring mind from order – Measurable fluctuations – let reason be your guide.)
#Ethos (in this world, how are we humans going to live?)(arête or happiness is not yet an issue)
1) Heraclites (that of: universe, balance, moderation, accordance with the logos (speak the truth and act as the nature)
- Before Heraclites, thinkers did not make arguments on moral philosophy. Nor wanted to influence human behavior. Anaximander and Xenophanes did find people modify themselves as to make themselves beneficial, but it was not argued how humans ought to behave.
2) Rationalism as episteme and ethos.
Senses tell us objects move, but reason tell us that it cannot move. If it moves it cannot be measured. The fact that we can measure them indicates that objects cannot move. (The questions about senses- then where did the objects go? – remains. However, according to the idea of reduction ad absurdum Zeno makes a valid argument that objects cannot move.
-If objects move, we cannot measure the fluctuations among them.
#LOGOS (Fluctuation_Measurable)
Unity to opposites:
Opposites contradict/compete with each other, like the water demolish/crushing the bank of the river. The unity of opposites is hard to conceive. In fact, objects or parts themselves are also on the state of constant change. There, they are on the equivalent level as parts that are governed by the whole. From the fluctuation, certain laws (physical; of physics) or the order could be found there, which is what logos refers to. The fact that there is law and order, implies the constancy to the structure.
- What Pythagoras contended was that this order could be explained in numbers. That it is measurable. All things are in measurable relations with each other. Numbers express the underlying order.
- Plato contended as a contradiction: Heraclitus accepts that opposition is necessary
- but that the fact that some things change makes possible the continued existence of other things. Perhaps more generally, the change in elements or constituents supports the constancy of higher-level structures. As for the alleged doctrine of the Identity of Opposites, Heraclitus does believe in some kind of unity of opposites.
*Ex: Indeed, it must be precisely because the waters are always changing that there are rivers at all, rather than lakes or ponds. The message is that rivers can stay the same over time even though, or indeed because, the waters change. The point, then, is not that everything is changing, but that the fact that some things change makes possible the continued existence of other things.
Logos, order, concept
Logos signifies order, it refers to a concept: The logos of the river, the logos of a soccer team. The water of the river might be changing and the members of the team are now completely different from times. Logos is the identity of the river and the soccer team to maintain itself.
- Thinking about the logos of something/subject/object (or logical way of thinking) is much more than grasping the appearance. It is to grasp how things function together as a whole with complication and precision.
- Biology: we find order or structure exists; animate and inanimate (living things and things that don’t live (inanimate). Logos could be said as a field of which we study.
- What exists and what does not exist: The concept exists. To rationalists like Parmenides, it made him trust the fact that thoughts exist. (are these related?)
[Contemplation]
-The haste: The notes that I took, it seems, have been caught up on the limits of time and limits of wisdom. Not doing performing reality appearance distinction, also not reading history. Love of wisdom or Philosophy itself nonexistent, the words I wrote are read as keen but hasty memoirs of my experiences, on awfully small part of the universe.
-Reading the pre-Socratic philosophy I find, what was it exactly people in history attempted to achieve. As having been born later in time then these bright men, modern philosophers were not able to or perhaps could not take the initiative to construct a new basis for western philosophy. They instead read their notes over and built a system upon that.
-Parmenides and the Courage: He had a strong belief on what he was looking for. In conclusion he argued that the thoughts are real, and the thoughts prove the being. Always associated rationalism with neo-classical economists or scientists. They seem to be indifferent to the problems of the world. In fact the original idea of reason and rationalism came from a man who had the ultimate courage to discover the world. He in fact encouraged the citizens of Athens t-o improve the world altogether.
-The weeping philosopher, Heraclitus on opposition and logos:
Heraclites’ thoughts show his will power to overcome/surpass the oppositions. The logos
- Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. (SO NOT EVERY PHILOSOPHER) Most people sleep-walk through life, not understanding what is going on about them. Yet experience of words and deeds can enlighten those who are receptive to their meaning.
-Prejudice: Was perhaps my impression on western thought, that it encourages debate or competition be-tween different groups, instead of encouraging harmony like the eastern thinkers did. The east and the west think alike, by regarding the opposition/flux/change as necessary (more than inevitable)
Meeting Online_Clarence Mark Phillips, Ph.D. (Department of Philosophy, University of New Orleans)
2. 3. 4 LEC.
-General path of the lecture: 1) the philosopher and the background one has 2) metaphysical findings/studies, 3) the ways to prove/verify them (episteme, epistemology), and 4) the ethos, starting from Heraclites. Ethos is built upon contentions, which is derived from the above three factors. Implications to the human mind (philosophy of the mind) and the explanations of human nature stands as two important topics of philosophy.
-The tool of the lecturer or the general tool of western philosophical thought: 1) Nothing comes from nothing, quest for the cause of what happened/phenomena. Also what is frequently said is, 2) “what is it that one is really saying?” 3) The distinction between reductionism and creationism is another thing. Both tries to find the ultimate explanation. Reductionist thought pursues to reduce a phenomena to particular something, attributing the big to the small thing or to name it, an element. Creationist thought seeks the reason for the object/phenomena from the characteristic it has.
-Focus of this generation: was to find what is right or true, and also it was to 1) identify individual objects what they are, and 2) the relations they have with the whole.
#pre-Socratics
- The modern thinkers of philosophy would end up developing the pre-Socratic thoughts, sometimes by just a little step forward, like Descartes did with Parmenides. Reading pre-Socratics felt something like reading history of civilizations. Equipped with media, knowledge and the past, the present humans perceive themselves as better thinkers/intellectuals than pre-Socratics. Clearly that is not the case.
- The map: I think it is essential for one to have this map before reading the pre-Socratic philosophy, or any part of Philosophy. Those who established philosophical schools or made a convincing argument on Philosophy had all had their own metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. The metaphysics included physics and mathematics like Thales and Pythagoras. Exemplary episteme include that of Anaximander (principle of balance, creationism), Xenophanes (criticizing the Ancient Greek myths), and that of Zeno (paradoxes). In fact, all those are developed after the rationalist thinking of the first philosopher, Thales.
- The all-inclusive: Philosophy requires the thinker to have certain metaphysical studies, and I think that becomes the reason for philosophy to be such encompassing. Laws of physics can become premises/statements to support a philosophical argument. That made Pythagoras a philosopher and the school to form a religion even. Many of us in the world perform one’s own metaphysical tasks. The deeper studies on metaphysics could improve the episteme, and could consequently form an ethos on the end. The structure of the study of Philosophy tells us why all people can understand philosophy and potentially become philosophers.
#Metaphysics: The object of their study was the world (from god to order, being or the logos) and the human mind. As Parmenides asserted, we mortals can only be certain about existence and the existence of the mind.
#Episteme:
-Thales
*rationalism: as the first philosopher he made an argument rather than telling a story. He made a claim about how the world is and give reasons why that claim ought to be true. Greeks identified themselves as those who tell stories to explain (name) the world, and Thales taking another road telling an argument rather than a story is to refuse/change that identity. Now we associate Greek identity not only with myths and statues, but also with its Philosophers. That comes from Thales.
-Xenophanes
*Skepticism: nothing negative implied. The philosopher places our belief i.e. explanation versus the world itself. Especially during this period philosophers generally agreed with theologians on the limitations, our understanding is as limited as we mortals are.
*Xenophanes and Greek Myths: Ancient Greeks had more than a handful of gods in Olympus. The traveler Xenophanes criticized the myth and tried to lead the Greeks to the new age of reason, and to the new view of the order (world and how it is designed) rather than the mystic orderer. Many did not have a choice but to blindly follow others, naming the natural phenomena instead of having scientific answers.
-Anaximander
*universe: why is the universe uniform? The entire motion is at issue, rather than the individual parts. It is the boundless and the infinite world and the laws that creates, guides and steers the world.
*creationism: the nature of explanation requires us to think about this, according to his creationist way of thinking. What led to a certain phenomenon and the one after than could be attributed to one same thing.
