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The Roman–Parthian conflict (53 BCE–217 CE) was a centuries-long struggle for dominance in Western Asia between the Roman Republic, later Empire, and the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. It began with Rome’s eastward expansion and Parthia’s determination to defend its independence, producing repeated wars without decisive supremacy. The conflict opened with Crassus’ crushing defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE...

#History #Trajan #RomanRepublic #RomanEmpire #Parthia(Empire)#Mesopotamia #Ctesiphon #ArsacidDynasty #BattleOfCarhae #Carrhae #Grassus #Nisibis #Parthia #ParthianArmy #ParthianWars

Women in ancient Persia were not only highly respected but, in many cases, considered the equals of males. Women could own land, conduct business, received equal pay, could travel freely on their own, and in the case of royal women, hold their own council meetings on policy. Titles of respect accorded to royal Persian women seem to have derived from the earlier Elamite culture and, most likely, the Median Empire which was the immediate precursor to the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) founded by Cyrus the Great (r. c. 550-530 BCE). Cyrus established the Persian paradigm of freedom of religion and expression in his empire but was also responsible for maintaining the dignity and autonomy of women of every class. This same paradigm was maintained by the Parthian Empire (227 BCE - 224 CE) although, because of a loss of records and artwork following Parthia's fall to the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE), not as much is clearly known of the details of women's lives during this period. The Sassanian period is well-documented, however, and women's rights were maintained at the same level – or higher – than during the Achaemenid Empire. Persian women would continue to enjoy this high status in ancient Persian culture until the fall of the Sassanian Empire to the invading Arab Muslims in 651 CE. Afterwards, the long-standing recognition of women as autonomous individuals, capable of deciding their own fate, was replaced by the concept of women as second-class citizens, inherently sinful, and requiring male guidance and control.

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Mark Antony's Parthian Campaign

In 36 BCE, Mark Antony (83-30 BCE) invaded Parthia, hoping to render himself one of the great conquerors of the Greco-Roman world, but he was stymied by Parthian forces and obliged to undertake an arduous, costly retreat. What to make of this reversal was a major issue then – and remains so now.

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Women in Ancient Persia

Women in ancient Persia were not only highly respected but, in many cases, considered the equals of males. Women could own land, conduct business, received equal pay, could travel freely on their own, and in the case of royal women, hold their own council meetings on policy.

#SasanianEmpire #Parthia(Empire)#AchaemenidEmpire #HistoryFacts #History

Douze femmes éminentes de la Perse antique

Dans la Perse antique, les femmes avaient plus de droits et de liberté que dans n'importe quelle autre civilisation antique, y compris, selon certains spécialistes, l'Égypte antique, célèbre pour son respect du principe féminin dans la religion comme dans la vie quotidienne.

#EmpireSassanide #Parthia(Empire)#EmpireAchéménide

Ctésiphon

Ctésiphon était une ville et un centre de commerce antique sur la rive est du Tigre, fondée sous le règne de Mithridate Ier (le Grand, 171-132 av. J.-C.). Elle est surtout connue de nos jours pour son arc à travée unique, Taq Kasra, qui constitue l'aspect le plus impressionnant des ruines de la ville.

#EmpireSassanide #L'artParthe #Parthia(Empire)

Legions of the Parthian Wars

Parthia had always been a thorn in the side of the Roman Empire. The initial campaigns by Crassus and Mark Antony were total failures, and although Trajan and Syrian governor Cassius made some progress in the 2nd century CE, both failed to eliminate the Parthians as a viable threat. The last big clash came in 198 CE under Septimius Severus, which ultimately achieved nothing but left both empires weakened.

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