#sand casting

[fuzzkaizer]

Sehat Effectors - Bloom Bender

cred: facebook.com/Sehat Effectors

[jewelrydocument]

Silver sand cast heirloom keys

By KARTHUR

[lidacasting-2023]

Difference between lost wax casting and sand casting

Lost wax casting and sand casting are two metal casting methods used often in metal part manufacturing industry, but they have some differen

Do you know difference between lost wax casting and sand casting? and lost wax casting advantages and disadvantages?

#metalcasting #stainlesssteelcasting #alloycasting #carbonsteelcasting

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Al 64, Cu 36 (wt%), hypereutectic alloy

Processing: Sand cast [...] Sample preparation: Etched in sodium hydroxide solution Technique: Reflected light microscopy Length bar: 400 μm Further information: When the composition of the alloy exceeds the eutectic, as in this hypereutectic sample, the initial dendrites that form are of CuAl2. The remaining liquid transforms to the eutectic at the eutectic temperature. Contributor: Prof T W Clyne Organisation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge

Source.

[uwmspeccoll]

Typography Tuesday

DID GUTENBERG INVENT THE PUNCH AND MATRIX SYSTEM?

It is very broadly agreed that Johann Gutenberg’s 1454/55 42-line Bible represents the earliest extant example of a complete book produced by using the new invention of moveable type. It has been further agreed that in order for Gutenberg to mass produce each letter form, he must have used replica casting to achieve consistency, and to do this, it has been generally assumed that Gutenberg invented the punch and matrix system of letter-casting. Yet, documentation for such a system does not appear until the 1470s.

As one can see from our facsimile of the Mazarin Library copy of the Bible (published in Paris in two volumes with two volumes of commentary texts by Éditions Les Incunables in 1985), it seems clear that by the mid 1450s Gutenberg had perfected his techniques well enough to produce this exquisitely-printed artifact (the decoctive initials, however, are all completed by hand, as was the practice throughout the period of incunabula). But if you look very closely at these pages (click on the images for a better view), you will note that no two letters from the same page are exactly the same, which would not be the case if the letters had been cast from the same mold. If they were, they'd be identical. As a close-up example, we also present a series of a’s taken from the first 11 lines of the Bible which we found on the internet. Yet, identical repetitions of these individual letters can be found on other pages, which suggests that the same types were reused.

These discrepancies had been noted as early as the 18th century, but Princeton special collections librarian and printing historian Paul Needham and 1998 Princeton physics graduate Blaise Agüera y Arcas conducted experiments on Gutenberg’s types in 2001 using sophisticated digital imaging software and made some startling discoveries.

It became obvious that the variations couldn't have come from wear and tear of the types themselves, and they could not be explained away through different amounts of ink on the type. They concluded that Gutenberg may have used an earlier technology that involves casting letters in molds of sand -- molds that could not be reused because one had to break them apart to get the letters out. Furthermore, and perhaps more startling, the forms used to make the mold impressions may not have been single units, but seem to have been constructed in the sand from separate parts, like the individual strokes made by a scribe to construct an individual Gothic letter. As described in the Wikipedia article on Gutenberg:

Transmitted light pictures of the page also revealed substructures in the type that could not arise from punchcutting techniques. They [Agüera y Arcas and Needham] hypothesized that the method involved impressing simple shapes to create alphabets in "cuneiform" style in a mould like sand. Casting the type would destroy the mould, and the alphabet would need to be recreated to make additional type. This would explain the non-identical type, as well as the substructures observed in the printed type.

Just nuts! These scholars now believe that the punch and matrix system probably was invented by another craftsman or craftsmen a few years after Gutenberg's death in 1468. Needham says, "By the later 1470s this new method was in use, but we can't put our finger on the first book." If you are type nerds like us, you can take a deep dive into this research by watching Agüera y Arcas’s hour-and-a-quarter-long Microsoft Research lecture on the subject!

Some other curious facts about the printing of the 42-line Bible: 1.) most but not all pages are printed with 42 lines. Some pages (presumably the ones that were printed first) have only 40 lines, while one page has 41. 2.) In the early stages of the printing, the red headlines before each book of the Bible were printed (as in our first image). This procedure involved passing each sheet under the press twice, but it was soon abandoned, probably because it was too time-consuming. Afterward, the rubrics were intended to be supplied by hand (as can be clearly seen in our last image). No one knows what the print run was for the edition, but the consensus is that it was a bit less than 200 copies, of which only 49 are known to be extant today, and only 21 of these are complete.

View our post on another Gutenberg imprint.

View more posts on type from the 15th century.

View our other Typography Tuesday posts.

[thelast-immortal]

Did some more aluminum casting this time i converted my smelter to propane for a cleaner burn instead of coal

[fromthedust]

Zak Kitnick (American, b.1984)

exhibit title: Craftsman by Sears at Kmart - 2018

selection of reverse engineered metal relief plates of Craftsman tools, colored

Adjustable Wrench 3-Ways

Single Small Scraper

Single Small Screwdriver

Double Hammer

Saw Diptych

Single Specialty Pliers

Needle Nose Pliers 3-Ways

Bolt Cutters Diptych

Double Saw

Screwdriver 3-Ways

2015: Zak Kitnick goes to the Kmart at Astor Place in New York and buys one of each hand tool that is available.

2018: Zak Kitnick ‘reverse engineers’ the Craftsman tools he purchased in 2015, creating a metal plate mold for each tool using the same sand casting method by which the tools are originally produced. After reverse engineering the Craftsman tools made by other companies and branded as Craftsman, Kitnick colors the metal relief plates in the various colors of the tool manufacturing companies. Sears never manufactures Craftsman products itself, instead relying on other manufacturers to make the products for them following Craftsman designs and specifications, and applying the Craftsman brand name. Sometimes, the Craftsman branded items include exclusive features that separate them from the manufacturers own brand or other brands that the manufacturer produces. At other times, Craftsman products are identical to models of other brands with a different name on them.

[girlsdressingrooms]

“89 Hanger” by OAO Works

Brass Brushed Finish