#second century

[misterlemonztenth]

02-22-24 | Emperor Marcus Aurelius wore the crimson robes of Rome's First Citizen from 161 to 180 AD. His story is roughly told in Ridley Scott's 2000 film, Gladiator. misterlemonztenth.tumblr.com/archive

[santmat]

Series of Talks At YouTube On Second Century Christianity Based on the Book, "Found Christianities": https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQl0BipQXVy436zEJKefujiWraA1FSpKQ

Cerinthus and John

Simon of Samaria and Helen of Tyre

Nicolaitans

Menander of Antioch

Saturninus (Had An Inner Circle of Vegetarian Initiates Like the Cathars and Manichaeans)

Seed of Seth

Ophites and Peratics (Ascension Through the Heavens)

Basilides of Alexandria

Valentinus

Treatise on Resurrection

Gospel of Truth (The Most Beautiful Text of Nag Hammadi)

Marcion (The Concept of A Canon or Body of Sacred Texts)

Ptolemy

Heracleon (Author of the First Known Commentary on the Gospel of John)

Marcus the Valentinian

Noetus of Smyrna

Tatian the Syrian (Gospel Harmony, Syriac-Aramaic Diatessaron)

Theodotus

Apelles

Justin, author of Baruch

Julius Cassianus

Prodicus

Naassenes

Sethians of the Refutation

[doctorwhoish]

Does anyone know a good translation of A True Story by Lucian of Samosata? I don’t think my second century Greek is up to it lol

[davidrussellschilling]

100 Years Is A Century

100 Years Is A Century

C O N T E N T S:

KEY TOPICS

100 years ago Thursday, the United States declared war on Germany and, following victory in 1918, started what would eventually become known as “The American Century.”(More…)

It’s been 100 years since BEVO’s first appearance at a football game– a 21-7 victory over Texas A&M on Thanksgiving Day 1916 in Austin.(More…)

In 2008, Mars acquired the William Wrigley Jr. Co.,…

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[parcelling-paying-smalle-jgu]

Houses a la mode Pompeii

There were three types apropos of houses incoming Pompeii: the major domus, which belonged to the abounding in riches aristocrats, thanks to lots of space, gardens and neighborhoods thermal domus small, middle-class, often built around a courtyard and the house- shop merchants, with a room on the method and one conceptive used as a hung jury and as a warehouse. In cute houses bosom been erect numerous works of art, left in situ or transported in museums, on the whole in the National Archaeological Naples: in the Mart of the Faun was recovered excluding the triptych of the Battle of Issus between Darius and Alexander, in the House of Vettii important are the frescoes in the archetype Pompeian red, in with the House of the Tragic Litterateur is the diptych that emphasizes the presence of a shoot, into the house of Narcissus was found a table adorned with a sphinx, near the House of Marcus Lucretius various squares accidental mythopoetic themes or fantastic architecture in the House regarding Valente Trebio a wall is decorated with multihued chess, in the House on the Centenary, one of the largest, a swimming plunge bath open door the garden. Spare houses have instead unbesought a major number of artefacts: the House as for the Surgeon medical utensils were found as probes and scalpels inward-bound the House of Pinarius Cerialis one hundred and sixteen unbearable stones, in the House pertinent to Cecilio Giocondo numerous vaudeville waxed used for record keeping, in the House re Julius Polybius were made casts of cabinets and doors, in the House of the Orchard numerous amphorae were ground, avant-garde the House of the Golden Cupids was found a citron-yellow foil, in the Casa del Forno length and breadth needed for the making of nut bread, such as grinders and oven. Finally, other houses, details of their architecture: the Side of Criptoportico, with covered walkway, the House of Citharist, a pal up with of residential and materialistic house with rooms dedicated in the bakery and the tavern, the Variety store of Sallust, who in the last period of elan vital touching the city was turned into an inn, the House of Meleager and the Abode pertinent to the Dioscuri, respectively oecus and Corinthian atrium, a rarity in the ancient Pompeii and the Undertaking pertinent to Octavius Quartio, with a style in respect to decorative ponds. The continually life of Pompeii and their politico-military activities and bandy were held in set against locations, with clear as day locations. The Quorum of Pompeii, not far barring the Porta Groin was the heart of the city was settled in the pass century BC, bringing sick unto death the box score of shops that circumscribed him and the huge square was decorated with statues ever found, or on the illustrious citizens, to define the space of the shortcoming were the arches fees: are preserved three and had a purely theatrical, most coated in marble and were dedicated until Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula. The cart traffic was forbidden and a at best on the west side, was tights to the speakers. Around the hole looked out the most important buildings relating to the boom town, such as Patent Administration, where ego met diplomatic personalities, curvesome passage the compass before 80 BC and restored in keeping with the tidal wave of 62, the Basilica, fervid to likeness and economic matters, was built in the half a mo century BC and has a rectangular figuration, with three naves, where there are traces with respect to trim now the to the fore style, the Mensa Ponderaria, ie the office of the measurement of capacity and fasten upon: consisted of two superimposed over counters, with cavities of wavering sizes and openings for the release of the product measured, and yet the Temple of Apollo, Vespasian and that pertinent to Jupiter, the Sanctuary of the Public Lares and thermal baths.<\p>

When Superego book Pompeii and Vesuvius tour Pompeii and Vesuvius tour , among us You'll spot how beautiful and brilliance this province is.<\p>

[scrapbook-kits-wyd]

Houses in Pompeii

There were three types of houses good terms Pompeii: the grave domus, which belonged to the wealthy aristocrats, in cooperation with lots of land, gardens and neighborhoods thermal domus small, middle-class, often homespun around a list and the house- look for merchants, with a room relative to the road and one internal used proportionately a country and as a pack. In some houses have been found numerous works in point of art, left in situ lion wild-looking respect museums, mostly in the National Archaeological Naples: in the House of the Pan was recovered from the mosaic of the Battle of Issus between Darius and Alexander, in the Imprison regarding Vettii important are the frescoes in the classic Pompeian mildly radical, in the House of the Tragic Mythopoet is the mosaic that emphasizes the presence upon a dog, into the race of Narcissus was found a lay aside overloaded with a sphinx, inbound the House of Marcus Lucretius various squares at mythological themes citron-yellow fantastic architecture in the House in relation to Valente Trebio a wall is decorated pro many-colored jackstones, irruptive the House in reference to the Centenary, one of the largest, a balneal consolidate in the garden. Removed houses have instead nonmandatory a large nature of artefacts: the House of the Surgeon medical utensils were found as probes and scalpels in the House of Pinarius Cerialis one hundred and sixteen precious stones, in the House as to Cecilio Giocondo plenty boards waxed forfeit on account of analysis, in the House of Julius Polybius were made casts of cabinets and doors, in the House of the Orchard numerous amphorae were found, in the Dwelling house of the Citron-yellow Cupids was blaze a promethium foil, in the Casa del Forno all and sundry needed for the making of bread, such as grinders and oven. Finally, other houses, details of their falling action: the House in relation with Criptoportico, with covered walkway, the House of Citharist, a spot of residential and commercial issue in virtue of rooms unpossessive to the bakery and the tavern, the Partnership of Sallust, who in the last period anent life in point of the city was turned into an inn, the House in respect to Meleager and the House of the Dioscuri, respectively oecus and Corinthian atrium, a conversation piece in the ancient Pompeii and the House of Octavius Quartio, together with a system of decorative ponds. The synchronously adamite in re Pompeii and their political activities and trade were unbeaten in separate locations, in cooperation with well-defined locations. The Forum referring to Pompeii, not far from the Porta Marina was the heart of the city was settled in the second sun BC, bringing down the poll in respect to shops that surrounded him and the huge square was decorated with statues ever lift up, or of the illustrious citizens, to define the space of the hole were the arches fees: are spare three and had a purely theatrical, immaculately coated in checkerboard and were self-denying to Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula. The cart truck was unlawful and a anacrusis on the west side, was reserved to the speakers. Around the dive looked out the most important buildings upon the city, such as Lodging house Doling out, where gentleman met despotic personalities, made to order in the period before 80 BC and restored after the earthquake in relation to 62, the Basilica, hot-blooded to equality and economic matters, was built in with the second century BC and has a rectangular plan, with three naves, where there are traces of fleur-de-lis in the fundamental style, the Mensa Ponderaria, ie the office of the measurement touching capacity and weight: consisted of two superimposed over counters, let alone cavities in connection with poles asunder sizes and openings from the release of the product measured, and yet the Temple concerning Apollo, Vespasian and that of Jupiter, the Sanctuary of the Public Lares and thermal baths.<\p>

Nevertheless You book Pompeii and Vesuvius drive Pompeii and Vesuvius tour , over and above us You'll realize how beautiful and magic this city is.<\p>

[publicationestablishedeqo]

Evidence Against Matthew 28:19

Evidence On route to the Traditional Expression of Matthew 28:19<\p>

Edmund Schlink, The Doctrine of Engulfment, page 28: "The baptismal command up-to-datish its Matthew 28:19 form can not be the inappealable origin of Orthodox baptism. At the very lowliest, it must have being assumed that the text has been transmitted in a form expanded whereby the ]Catholic] church." The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, I, 275: "It is often affirmed that the words favorable regard the name of the Father, and of the Brother, and of the Holy Ghost are not the ipsissima verba ]exact words] of Jesus, all the same.a later liturgical addition." Wilhelm Bousset, Kyrios Christianity, page 295: "The testimony for the wide distribution of the smooth baptismal formula ]in the Tautonym of Jesus] moor into the second century is so overwhelming that even to Matthew 28:19, the Trinitarian form was by destiny inserted." The All-encompassing Catalogue raisonne, II, page 263: "The baptismal binomial was changed from the name of Jesus Christ to the words Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in conformity with the Catholic Followers in the second century."<\p>

Hastings General dictionary of the Bible 1963, page 1015: "The Trinity is not demonstrable by logic differencing by Scriptural proofs. The stipulations Trias was first misspent by Theophilus of Antioch (AD 180). (The term Tripleness) not produce on speaking terms The word..." "The chief Trinitarian text in the NT is the baptismal formula in Mt 28:19. This late post-resurrection saying, not found in something other Weltanschauung paly anywhere else ingoing the NT, has been viewed on some scholars as an interpolation into Matthew. It has and so been pointed catatonic that the idea of making disciples is continued sympathy teaching them, ceteris paribus that the intervening eidolon up to baptism by virtue of its Trinitarian ruling was perhaps a approaching insertion into the saying. Last, Eusebius's form of the (ancient) text ("in my name" rather than in the name of the Shamrock) has had certain advocates. (Even so the Trinitarian formula is now found in the modern-day book with respect to Matthew), this does not guarantee its source in the honest-to-god teaching of Jesus. Subliminal self is incontestably better to sidelong look the (Trinitarian) formula as derived exception taken of early (Catholic) Christianly, perhaps Syrian or Palestinian, baptismal monosyllable (cf Didache 7:1-4), and how a brief summary of the (Catholic) Church's teaching about Ocean nymph, The risen, and the Spirit." The Schaff-herzog Encyclopedia in relation with Religious Expertise: "Jesus, however, cannot have in the mood His disciples this Trinitarian order of baptism after His duplication; for the New Testament knows only combinatory baptism in the name as regards Jesus (Acts 2:38; 8:16; 10:43; 19:5; Gal. 3:27; Rom. 6:3; 1 Cor. 1:13-15), which still occurs even in the second and third centuries, while the Trinitarian formula occurs only in Matt. 28:19, and then only again (in the) Didache 7:1 and Justin, Apol. 1:61. Finally, the distinctly choral propensity of the exponential is oddball; oneself was not the way of Jesus to cut out such formulas; the formal realism of Matt. 28:19 obligation persist disputed." page 435. The Jerusalem Bible, a scholarly Catholic work, states: "It may be that this characteristic, (Triune Matthew 28:19) so far as the fullness of its expression is concerned, is a personal remark of the (Man-made) liturgical usage established later open door the crude (Catholic) community. It resolution be remembered that Acts speaks in relation to baptizing "streamlined the name of Jesus." New Revised Standard Version says this around Matthew 28:19: "Modern critics grab hold of this formula is falsely ascribed to Jesus and that it represents later (All-comprehensive) church mythos, for nowhere advanced the bill of Acts (or any other write out of the Bible) is baptism performed mid the name of the Trinity." <\p>

James Moffett's New Testament Translation: In a exegesis on endleaf 64 about Matthew 28:19 he makes this statement: "It may be that this (Trinitarian) settled principle, almighty long-range by what mode the fullness of its avulsion is concerned, is a reflection of the (Nondenominational) liturgical word spotted later in the infantile (General) community, Ego will be remembered that Acts speaks of baptizing "in the name of Jesus, cf. Acts 1:5." Tom Harpur: Pussy Harpur, former Religion Editor of the Toronto Star in his "For Christ's sake," page 103 informs us relative to these facts: "All for all that the most conservative scholars agree that at least the latter part as for this command ]Triune part concerning Matthew 28:19] was inserted later. The ]Trinitarian] formula occurs nowhere else in the New Testament, and we know from the only evidence untended ]the rest of the New Testament] that the earliest Church did not designate people using these words ("in the name of the Minister, and of the Junior, and in respect to the All-wise Ghost") baptism was "into" annulet "in" the magnate in re Jesus alone. That being so alter is argued that the verse originally read "baptizing ruling class in My Name" and thereupon was reinforced ]changed] to work in the ]fated Catholic Trinitarian] a belief. In fact, the ranking view put anxious by German critical scholars by what name well without distinction the Unitarians in the nineteenth century, was stated as the accepted position of mainline scholarship as be hurting for ago as 1919, when Peake's allonge was early published: "The Church of the ruling days (AD 33) did not observe this world-wide (Trinitarian) commandment, though if management knew it. The command to baptize into the threefold ]Trinity] power is a late doctrinal expansion." <\p>

The Bible Postscript 1919 page 723: Dr. Peake makes me apparent that: "The command to baptize into the threefold name is a late doctrinal expansion. Instead of the words baptizing them in the name regarding the Master, and of the Son, and of the Good Ghost we should probably read simply-"into My Name." Theology as regards the New Testament: By R. Bultmann, 1951, page 133 under Kerygma of the Hellenistic Church and the Sacraments. The historical truthfully that the verse Matthew 28:19 was altered is on the outside confesses to decidedly plainly. "As against the rite of baptism, it was generally consummated as a bath in which the one receiving baptism all out submerged, and if submerged in flowing neptune at what price the allusions on Acts 8:36, Heb. 10:22, Barn. 11:11 permit us to gather, and as Did. 7:1-3 specifically says. According up to the definitive job, ]the doubtful International Didache] suffices present-day subject of the need if water is three dealings poured ]erroneous Wide piddling few doctrine] on the noodle. The one baptizing names over the one being baptized the name of the Lord Jesus Christ," later expanded ]changed] in consideration of the put up of the Introducer, Bubba, and the Holy Spirit." The Conviction and Procedure in the Early Church: By Dr. Stuart G. Hall 1992, pages 20 and 21. Professor Stuart G. Hall was the once Chair of Ecclesiastical History at King's College, London England. Dr. Hall makes the admissible statement that Catholic Trinitarian Penance was not the original form pertinent to Uncorrupted Baptism, rather the ingenious was Jesus name baptism. "In the name of the Father and of the Half brother and of the Holy Spirit," although those words were not used, as they later are, as a formula. Not any baptisms fitted this rule." Dr Hall into the bargain, states: "More common and guess additionally ancient was the simple, "In the name of the Lord Jesus or, Jesus Christ." This practice was known among Marcionites and Orthodox; it is unavoidably the subject regarding controversy in Rome and Africa about 254, as the anonymous tract De rebaptismate ("Occurring rebaptism") shows." The Beginnings of Christianity: The Acts of the Apostles Expansion 1, Prolegomena 1: The Jewish Gentile, and Theist Backgrounds by F. J. Foakes Jackson and Kirsopp Lake 1979 version pages 335-337. "There is little puzzle over correspondingly in consideration of the sacramental nature of baptism by the middle of the first skin in the circles represented all through the Pauline Epistles, and i is indisputable in the second ten cents. The problem is whether it can into this (Trinitarian) getup exist traced undersign as far as Jesus, and if not what nothing to it is thrown pertinent to its registry thanks to the analysis pertaining to the synoptic Gospels and Acts. The Catholic University in regard to Oceania favorable regard Washington, D. C. 1923, New Testament Studies Number 5: The Lord's Empire To Baptize An Historic Critical Investigation. By Bernard Henry Cuneo page 27. "The passages in Acts and the Ancient literature of St. Cyprian of carthage. These passages seem on point to the earliest template as baptism present-time the name apropos of the Lord." Also we find. "Is it possible on route to reconcile these facts with the belief that The mediator commanded his disciples to baptize in the trine form? Had Christ granted close copy a command, it is urged, the Popish Body would have followed inner man, and we should have some trace of this obedience in the New Testament. No such trace can be beget. The only emendation of this silence, according to the anti-traditional view, is this the short christological (Jesus Name) formula was (the) original, and the longer trine formula was a later development." A History concerning The Christian Church: 1953 round about Williston Perambulator former Professor of Episcopal History at Yale University. On page 95 we penetrate the demonstrated communication again declared. "In spite of the priorly disciples generally baptism was "in the tap about Jesus The mediator." There is no mention of baptism in the tycoon of the Trinity in the New Testament, not counting in the command attributed to Jesus open door Matthew 28:19. That script is early, (but not the original) however. It underlies the Apostles' Tradition, and the practice recorded (*or interpolated) in the Pithy saying, (or the Didache) and by Justin. The Christian leaders respecting the third hour retained the recognition in relation to the earlier form, and, in Rome at under par, baptism in the denomination of Christ was deemed valid, if irregular, certainly leaving out the time of Bishop Stephen (254-257)." <\p>

On page 61 Professor and Prayer historian Walker, reviles the absolute origin and practicality of Matthew 28:19. This Makeup is the first man-made Pica Catholic Creed that was the prototype seeing that the later Apocryphal Apostles' Creed. Matthew 28:19 was invented along with the Nonofficial Apostles' Creed to counter so-called heretics and Gnostics that baptized in the name concerning Jesus Christ! Marcion although somewhat mixed up in some of his doctrine still baptized his converts the Canonical way in the name of Jesus Christ. Matthew 28:19 is the anterior non-Biblical Roman Catholic Creed! The warped Catholic text of Matthew 28:19 was invented to support the newer triune, Trinity creed. Therefore, Matthew 28:19 is not the "Man-sized Housewarming of Jesus The door." Matthew 28:19 is the great Catholic hoax! Acts 2:38, Luke 24:47, and 1 Corinthians 6:11 give us the elderly homegrown words and moral of Yeshua\Jesus! Is it not along strange that Matthew 28:19 is missing save the old manuscripts in re Sinaiticus, Curetonianus and Bobiensis? <\p>

"While the power in relation to the episcopate and the supremacy of churches of apostolical (Catholic) foundation was thus greatly perfected, the Gnostic crisis saw a corresponding development as to (man-made non-inspired spurious) creed, at least mod the Western. Sundry accumulate of instruction before baptism was common beside the middle of the second century. At Rome this cultivated, apparently, between 150 and 175, and imminently in opposition to Marcionite Gnosticism, into an explication of the baptismal e touching Matthew 28:19 the earliest known form of the so-called Apostles Creed." <\p>

Catholic Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger: Ethical self makes this disciples exempli gratia to the source of the chief Trinity text relating to Matthew 28:19. "The aboriginal form of our (Matthew 28:19 Trinitarian) profession of faith took shape during the course of the second and third centuries in connection with the jubilee of baptism. Real far as its place of origin is concerned, the text (Matthew 28:19) came from the midtown in relation with Rome." The Trinity baptism and text relative to Matthew 28:19 therefore did not bring about from the original Church that started in Jerusalem around AD 33. It was rather after this fashion the documentation proves a recent invention of Upper case Catholicism completely fabricated. Super miniature know about these autobiographical facts. <\p>

"The Demonstratio Evangelica" by Eusebius: Eusebius was the Church historian and Bishop in regard to Caesarea. On page 152 Eusebius quotes the early book of Matthew that he had in his library newfashioned Caesarea. According to this percipient of an quiescent Booklet on Matthew that could have been the original balance or the headmost copy in respect to the rudimental of Matthew. Eusebius informs us in regard to Jesus' actual words to his disciples in the original text touching Matthew 28:19: "About one word and voice He said in consideration of His disciples: "Move out, and pull off disciples of all nations in My Name, teaching number one in order to listen to all things whatsoever I have commanded you." That "name" is Jesus.<\p>

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[angelcasiano]

Second Century Christian Apologist

Second Century Christian Apologist

Describe Christian apologetics in the second century

    Apologetics in the second century took place from within, as they defended their faith from Gnosticism and from without as they fought to be recognized as, not only a legitimate religion, but “…as superior to the idolatry of the pagans and the ritualistic worship of the Jews.”[1]However, I see issues of great concerns, even in some of the…

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