Penrose tilings are non-periodic tilings, generated by an aperiodic set of prototiles, implying that a shifted copy of a Penrose tiling will never match the original. They are named after Roger Penrose, the mathematician and physicist who investigated these sets in the 1970s.
In the top image, you see Roger Penrose himself in the foyer of the Mitchell Institute Building at Texas A&M University, standing on a Penrose tiling.
If you're interested in the question why this 5-fold rotational symmetrical patterns are aperiodic, you should check out the crystallographic restriction theorem: for every discrete isometry group in two- and three-dimensional space (mapping every point to a discrete subset, i.e. a set of isolated points) which includes translations spanning the whole space, all isometries of finite order are of order 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6. The finite orders in higher dimensions are restricted as well: in four- and five-dimensional space, one can only find finite orders 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12. In six and seven dimensions, possible finite orders are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24 or 30.