Discover Top Posts Tagged with #splitting water

A chemical reaction could be producing oxygen by splitting water molecules, but its source of energy remains unknown.

"Something is pumping out large amounts of oxygen at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, at depths where a total lack of sunlight makes photosynthesis impossible.

The phenomenon was discovered in a region strewn with ancient, plum-sized formations called polymetallic nodules, which could play a part in the oxygen production by catalysing the splitting of water molecules, researchers suspect. The findings are published in Nature Geoscience1.

“We have another source of oxygen on the planet, other than photosynthesis,” says study co-author Andrew Sweetman, a sea-floor ecologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science in Oban, UK — although the mechanism behind this oxygen production remains a mystery. The findings could also have implications for understanding how life began, he says, as well as for the possible impact of deep-sea mining in the region."

"As a first test of this hypothesis, the team recreated the conditions found on the sea floor in a laboratory on their ship. They monitored samples collected from the sea floor — which included polymetallic nodules — and saw that the oxygen concentration increased, at least for a while. “They start producing oxygen, up to a point. Then they stop,” says Sweetman — presumably because the energy that drives the splitting of water molecules gets depleted. This leaves the question of where that energy is coming from. If the nodules themselves were acting as batteries — producing energy from a chemical reaction — they would have become depleted long ago.

Electric potential

But the nodules could serve as catalysts, enabling the splitting of water and the formation of molecular oxygen. The researchers measured voltages across the surface of nodules, and found voltage differences of up to 0.95 volts. This is not quite the 1.5 volts needed to split a water molecule, but, in principle, higher voltages could be produced in the same way that battery voltages can be doubled by connecting two batteries in series, (...)."

New triple-layered catalyst to split water into hydrogen, oxygen

Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen to produce clean energy can be simplified with a single catalyst developed by scientists at Rice University and the University of Houston.

The electrolytic film produced at Rice and tested at Houston is a three-layer structure of nickel, graphene and a compound of iron, manganese and phosphorus. The foamy nickel gives the film a large surface, the conductive graphene protects the nickel from degrading and the metal phosphide carries out the reaction.

The research is published in the journal Nano Energy.

Rice chemist Kenton Whitmire and Houston electrical and computer engineer Jiming Bao and their labs developed the film to overcome barriers that usually make a catalyst good for producing either oxygen or hydrogen, but not both simultaneously.

“Regular metals sometimes oxidize during catalysis,” Whitmire said. “Normally, a hydrogen evolution reaction is done in acid and an oxygen evolution reaction is done in base. We have one material that is stable whether it’s in an acidic or basic solution.”

The discovery builds upon the researchers’ creation of a simple oxygen-evolution catalyst revealed earlier this year. In that work, the team grew a catalyst directly on a semiconducting nanorod array that turned sunlight into energy for solar water splitting.

Electrocatalysis requires two catalysts, a cathode and an anode. When placed in water and charged, hydrogen will form at one electrode and oxygen at the other, and these gases are captured. But the process generally requires costly metals to operate as efficiently as the Rice team’s catalyst.

Read more: New triple-layered catalyst to split water into hydrogen, oxygen

#new triple catalyst #splitting water #hydrogen #oxygen

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