What Were The Eleusinian Mysteries?
The Eleusnian Mysteries were one of, if not the, most important religious ceremonies of the Ancient Greek world. They were praised and lauded by philosophers and scholars, and were attended by kings, citizens, and emperors alike.
The Mysteries were said to be transmitted directly to an ancient king named Celeus, according to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. While we don't have the clearest picture of what exactly happened during the Mysteries, we have clues and hints preserved in literary and archaeological evidence.
Cultic and religious activity within Eleusis predates the start of what we now know as the Eleusinian Mysteries. Beneath the Telesterion, or the central temple, lay the remains of a Mycenaean structure, called a Megaron. Because of this, scholars believe the Mysteries may stretch all the way back to the era of the Mycenaeans, and that they may have originally been more private.
As for what we little we know of the Mysteries from literary evidence, we can get a general sense of how events would have played out.
In order for initiates to witness and participate in the "Greater Mysteries," which took place in the month of Boedromion, (September/October,) they had to first prepare themselves via the "Lesser Mysteries," held in the month of Anthesterion (February/March).
The Lesser Mysteries involved the sacrifice of a piglet to Demeter and Persephone (Kore) followed by purification via washing in the Illisos river. Once this was done, initiates would then have to wait till the next year in order to participate in the Greater Mysteries.
The general timeline of the Greater Mysteries, which took place over the course of about ten days, looked something like this:
1st Day-- (14th of Boedromion)
The sacred objects would be carried from Eleusis to a small temple near the Acropolis, called the Eleusinion.
2nd Day-- (15th of Boedromion)
The priests would commence the official beginning of the rites and perform a sacrifice.
On the next day (the 16th) all initiates would make their way from the city of Athens on the road called the Sacred Way, or the Ἱερὰ Ὁδός. Stopping at the coast of Phaleron, they would wash themselves in the sea, purifying their bodies and preparing them for the rites to come.
4th Day-- (17th of Boedromion)
This day marked the start of the "Epidauria" a festival within a festival-- dedicated to the god Asklepios and his daughter Hygieia. Initiates would process back to the Eleusinion in Athens, after which sacrifices and feasting commenced.
5th Day-- (18th of Boedromion)
The main procession to Eleusis began, with initiates walking from Athens along the Sacred Way. After arriving, they participated in an all-night vigil. Fasting was involved in the preparations for the Mysteries as well. Initiates would be given a special drink, called Kykeon, which was typically made from barley and pennyroyal. (It's thought that this drink may have had psychoactive ingredients, but we don't have a lot of substantial evidence for this.)
6th Day -- (19th of Boedromion) On the final day of the Mysteries, initiates entered the Telesterion, the central and largest temple. The pinnacle of the Mysteries, called the epopteia, occurred within the innermost chamber, called the Anaktoron. It was in this chamber that the sacred items were housed, ready to be displayed to the initiates. The throne of the high priest, known as the Hierophant, sat next to the Anaktoron.
The climax of the rites can be divided into three elements: - Dromena, or things done - Deiknumena, or things shown - Legomena, or things said The things done are thought to be a dramatic and ritualized reenactment of Kore's abduction, and the mourning of Demeter. The things shown are the sacred items, and the things said were words that were uttered during the showing of the items. The penalty for sharing the secrets of the Mysteries was death, hence why these three elements were collectively called the "aporrheta," or ""unrepeatables." As for the exact details of what initiates would have seen, heard, felt, and experienced at the climax of the Mysteries, we can only really speculate. Some theorize there were psychoactive visions involved, thanks to the ingredients in the kykeon. Others think there was a fire involved, and that during the presentation of the sacred items, the blinding light would seize the initiates and grant them a vision of divinity, allowing them to see the Great Goddesses. The combination of fasting and sensory deprivation, as well as the general architecture of the Telesterion itself, would have allowed for initiates to receive visions and find themselves in a state of ecstasy. This is why the Mysteries endured as long as they did-- they were genuinely life changing. Plutarch, a Greek priest of the Temple of Apollon at Delphi who lived in the 2nd century CE, recounted the transformative nature of the Mysteries when he said,
"First there was wandering and tiresome running about alongside apprehensive and endless journeys through darkness. Then, before the final stage, there were all sorts of terrors: shivering, trembling, sweating, and terrible awe. After that a wondrous light confronted them, and purified landscapes and meadows received them, with voices and songs and rites of sacred harmonies and holy visions. In the midst of these the wholly fulfilled and initiated person has become liberated and free to roam about, celebrating the mysteries with a crown atop their head and communing with blessed and pure people. They look back at the impure and uninitiated multitude back on earth, who stampede and squabble with one another in dense mire and mist, clinging onto their sufferings because of their fear of death and lack of faith in the good things the next world holds."
The Mysteries lasted an incredibly long time and remained a critical aspect of Greco-Roman culture, even allowing Roman emperors to become initiates. The last Roman emperor to be initiated was Julian, who reigned from 361-363 CE. Sadly, the Mysteries finally came to an end during the 4th century CE, by decree of Theodosius, who ordered that all polytheistic rituals, temples and traditions were now illegal. Afterwards, the Telesterion itself was destroyed by the Visigothic ruler Alaric, in 396 CE. Now for some personal reflection! The Eleusinian Mysteries are heavily important to me, if you couldn't tell from my username. They are incredibly fascinating and yet so mysterious-- we know so little about them. I feel a deeply personal connection to the Mysteries though, seeing as Haides and Persephone were the two deities that guided me on my initial path into Hellenic Polytheism. I fully believe a time will come when we will establish new mysteries, and be able to tangibly and personally experience the power and presence of the Gods in the same ways that those initiates experienced them centuries ago. Hope you all enjoyed this, this was SUPER long but worth the effort! I'll be linking my citations below as well. Wikipedia contributors. (2025, July 17). Eleusinian Mysteries. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries
Woodward, S. (2025, June 20). For Plato, rationalists and mystics can walk the same path. Psyche. https://psyche.co/ideas/for-plato-rationalists-and-mystics-can-walk-the-same-path Archaeologist. (2024, March 27). The Eternal Whisper of the Eleusinian Mysteries: a journey through ancient secrecy and sacred rituals of ancient Greece. The Archaeologist. https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/the-eternal-whisper-of-the-eleusinian-mysteries-a-journey-through-ancient-secrecy-and-sacred-rituals-of-ancient-greece Museum, H. (2021, October 7). The Eleusinian Mysteries. Hellenic Museum. https://www.hellenic.org.au/post/the-eleusinian-mysteries
