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The “magic” of the Mimic Octopus - Thaumoctopus mimicus

Even among a group of animals for which instant shape-changes and apparent disappearing acts are par for the course, the protean abilities of Thaumoctopus mimicus (Octopodidae) stand out. Like its relatives, this Indo-Pacific species of octopus is capable of demonstrating excellent crypsis (the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms) and polyphenism (the development of multiple, discrete phenotypes from a single genotype by organisms living in different environmental conditions), which are the most common primary defences in shallow-water octopodids.

Although octopuses are functionally colour-blind, many species have evolved through selective predation pressure the means to match their background shape, skin pattern, texture, and colour almost instantly. In addition to crypsis achieved by the skin, their flexible bodies also allow them a tremendous diversity of body postures. By changing shape frequently (polyphenism) octopuses may impair their predators’ formation and use of a search image.

However, T. mimicus frequently increases its conspicuousness through the intensification of a high-contrast body colour pattern, a behaviour believed to represent facultative imperfect (low-fidelity) mimicry of a visually conspicuous venomous sea snake [Laticauda spp.], visually conspicuous toxic flatfish [Pardachirus pavoninus; Zebrias spp.], and/or a suite of drably coloured non-toxic flounders and soles.

Although the toxicity of T. mimicus is unknown, it may be unpalatable, and potentially displays honest warning coloration. These behaviours are neurally controlled rather than anatomically fixed. Thaumoctopus mimicus can regulate conspicuousness while imitating animals (mobile and sessile) or inanimate objects, and frequently challenges the distinction between mimicry and crypsis.

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Photo credits: ©Benjamin Naden | Locality: Laba Sari, Bali, Indonesia, 2011 | [Top] - [Bottom]