#the capacitor

[crimson-armageddon]

Just updated a bunch of stuff on my pinned post for the capacitor, namely finally typing out most of the mechanics im planning!

[orinaery-blog]

Technology of parking by force - --The police's good news

Police and criminal in we see the film chase bus scene feel very much enjoyable, but if this kind of scene takes place in actual life, will upset the security of normal life order and people seriously, a lot of criminal flee from to it captures to be to drive through high speed police, having broken away from the pursuing and attacking and controlling of police car, and the police want to intercept the criminal's vehicle, or order it it parks to be very difficult all, make it park, become car research and develop personnel, want thing that make urgently for public public security just by force not to pursue and attack into vehicle. American researchers have studied and invented the technology of parking by force of a kind of radio recently, user need, press switch can let the intersection of goal and the intersection of car and deceleration and park, drive only, it will become the future police will attack the criminal new scientific and technological weapon. This technical inventor David and Ji Rui was once a professor of physics of U.S.A. Berkeley University of California, resigning later establishes a Hi-Tech company. Mainly a battery and a capacitor that can store the electric current of the alert boot produced function through being mounted for this kind of new technology, so long as press the button on the car gage board while using, the capacitor in the boot will release the electric current, and launch the intensive radio wave of the narrow beam to the goal vehicle through the top antenna, make the electronic system electric current of the goal vehicle raise suddenly, upset the oil blowout system and signal of firing of engine, controlling circuit cut off the intersection of oil pump and power, force vehicle deceleration of the goal and park driving finally. The beautiful at present, police of Great Britain are testing this technology, it may attack the criminal new-type tool as police, once this new car technical test parking by force succeeds, and allocate for police to use in an all-round way, believe in the actual criminal captures, this new technology will get producing effects and achievement getting instant result, and play a positive and strong role.

[boncostick-blog]

Characteristic and countermeasure of MLCC turn of the market of our country

Summary: This text contacts the new characteristic of MLCC market, combine the situation of the 17th annual meeting of MLCC held recently, comment on the current situation of the domestic MLCC trade synthetically, analyze that has proposed undulatory reason of the periodicity and countermeasure. Keyword: The capacitor " >Demand of the market of countermeasure world electronic element of market of multi-layer ceramic capacitor of the chip type, headed by mobile phone, and under the drive of the computer, digital household appliance, since the summer of 2005 by the growth of strong situation so far. The capacitor " >Chip type multi-layer a ceramic capacitor ' Abbreviated as MLCC) Some supply-demand relationship, some assortment supply less than demand has appeared, general user's order is difficult, want the difficult situation of the goods; Even prevail too like 2000. The lapse that is some domestic enterprise's order quantities of Fig. 1 is pursued. Having increased by 86% compared with the same period of last year with the order quantity of 4 quarters of 2005 and 4 quarters of 2004, first quarter of 2006 and 2005 calculated that there is increase more too on an annual basis, have increased by 63%.

The order quantity relative ratio of Fig. 1 passes and pursues

First, new characteristic of MLCC market 1. The progressive law appears wave upon wave with the market of component, present the primary market cyclic variation for about five years again. Component market appear major cause of periodic change whether electronic sustainable development and components and parts of complete machine can't develop to follow up synchronously. The electronic complete machine is that the market is increasing every year in recent years. Take mobile phone as examples, because the mobile phone is popularized in developing countries and in growth stage, the global mobile phone produced the quantity relative ratio to increase by 20% in 2004 in 2005, from 650 million 780 million rising to this year in 2004. The mobile phone output was 412 million 363 million of the output than the first half of 2005 in the second half of 2005, increase by 13.5%. The whole world collect sales volume in 2.267 part about, expect global Mobile to sell and exceed 900 million in 2006 will it be first quarter 2006. Nearly 1000 kinds domestic mobile phone new products of 2005; It is expected the output of the global 3G mobile will increase by a fairly big margin: 79 million in 2005, it was that 148 million increased by 87% in 06, it was that 342 million increased by 131% in 09. The demand driving force to the electronic element of the mobile phone is very obvious in recent years. 2.MLCC trade has popularized in a more cost-effective manner lowpricedly and metallized for many years, have substituted metallic efforts such as palladium, silver,etc. with base metal such as nickel, copper, having made the outstanding achievement of lowering costs, one slice of ceramic reasons cheap in electric capacity of garden that in addition SMT technical development compares with MLCC price, have promoted the expansion of the market. MLCC was further replaced and praised as one slice of ceramic capacitors of good and cheap garden. The chip type development of the main capacitor of Fig. 2 passes and pursues

Fig. 3 main capacitors of output pass and pursue

3.The miniaturization of MLCC, efforts of high performance, have impelled the products to adapt to the market for many years, the expansion of the market has already won initial success; Because after MLCC high capacity, compared with other capacitors, good and cheap, is further replacing other medium capacitors. The price of MLCC lowers the tendency and remains unchanged, will promote such substituting trend further. See Fig. 4.

4 Fig. global the intersection of capacitor and output and price lower tendency pass and pursue in recent years

New change of second, domestic MLCC trade 1. As MLCC being technological and gradual and ripe, the production of MLCC regular varieties such as 2125, 1608 etc. will step forward to China centralizedly. According to the 17th MLCC association annual meeting incomplete statistics, the output of domestic MLCC of our country has already neared No. 350 billion Branch (including importing the free flowing flake, carry on the products of the braid only at home) ,The profit field of very obviously future MLCC, it will be small dimension products and HI-CAP high-capacity products under 1005. Because MLCC scale of investment is great, backout difficult to recombinate briefly, do not earn money and must keep company, 2125, the competitions of 1608 grade MLCC regular products will be further aggravated at home, the situation that 2125, 1608,etc. MLCC regular products hardly make profits, maximal may continue worsening. 2.Because Japan is a production advantage of the economic scale oversize of enterprises and strong demand of the Chinese market, their investment ring in China is continuing strengthening, the sales tactics of the regular MLCC products of future just create certain marginal profit, with the improvement of the domestic labor cost, the cost advantages of domestic-investment enterprises and the Taiwan-owned enterprise will be further weakened, domestic-investment enterprise with Taiwan-owned enterprise, for keep the intersection of cost and advantage, they have in ripe manufacture process, raise at the hit rate and good article rate working hard, accelerate the localization implementing material, Apparatus accessories, some domestic enterprises have already broken the barrier, form a complete set each other, each advantage of the set, continue participating in the competition. 3.With the individual proprietorship of field of Beijing village, porcelain of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin Panasonic, (it is actually the individual proprietorship if the sun lures electricity, TDK, ROHM) ,It is that MLCC enterprises have already all been that the situation of Japan individual proprietorship Company has already taken shape on domestic day. The sun is success of the individual proprietorship company, it is a group of enterprises on day to help to give full play to, give play to the related advantage to dominate the market. Also will cause the change in China's marketing tactics of transnational group company, the new characteristic will appear in their mutual competition, who be the most strong between being strong and strong, find out about the China's actual conditions most, adapt to the China's actual conditions even more, whose the intersection of talent and localization make well, who win in the main trend most likely. 4.Though passed the big rise and big fall in 2000 and 2001, MLCC production of our country had already reached 20% of the whole world, the production scale is from 96 billion 350 billion rising to 2005 in 2000. MLCC trade of our country passes the efforts of nearly 20 years, has already formed the pluralistic investment subject, not only there is production rich and influential family of the world MLCC, also there are state holding large and medium-sized enterprises and enterprise run by the local people, investment is larger and larger. The domestic and new industry chain will dominate the development of the domestic MLCC trade. 5.In order to deal with the market, improve the competitiveness of enterprises, keep up with the world level, nickel of the products has electric-polarized and got comparatively fast development, the proportion that the domestic nickel electrode products accounted for MLCC output has already been up to 80%. The whole Engineering level of the trade has already been shortened with the advanced lateral disparity in foreign countries greatly. But being with high technical content, disparity is being depended on on the high variety of the added value. Third, make great efforts, adapt to new environment, because tendency should make, after reply the countermeasure and join WTO conscientiously, MLCC tariff is zero, the enterprises in the industry have already paid much attention to the localization and done research and use of domestic and foreign new technology, development well, make every effort to lower costs, improve the competition level. 1.The market question is the first theme in the trade forever, the market basically prones to the supply and demand balanced at present, may produce reversal of the natural order of things of supply-demand relationship in recent years, how to seize the opportunity, should do a good job of one's own market orientation first, do the market information, the analysis of market demand well, substantiate the existing foundation. For should on a price reduction to complete machine, want, finish marketing conscientiously, make good the intersection of product cost and strategy and countermeasure. 2.The domestic MLCC production enterprise including foreign-investment enterprise, it is still that " three is many three is few " at present compared with foreign big enterprise ,Namely there are much low technological content products, there is little high-tech content; Enterprise products mix variety little by oneself, a related one can't be large; Rely on foreign basic material and Apparatus to produce manufacturability more, there are few ones that have independent intellectual property right. 3.Analyze conscientiously MLCC import greater than market current situation exported to, makes great efforts to develop the products of the domestic demand, strengthen the work of foreign exchange earning at the same time; Continue making great efforts to seek the policy support, solve MLCC products and material tax rate and hang the problem upside down. 4.Electronic staging and update fast of consumables, market expand, must strengthen the intersection of component and the intersection of chip type and development. The electronic complete machine is developed in digitization, high frequency, multi-functional and portable direction of melting, though the component of implementation of single machine will drop to count, the total amount is still increasing. Miniaturization, paces of high performance must also be accelerated;

5,Know international game rules, incorporate the international market actively; Respect law on the market, the domestic advantage of integration, give play to the difference advantage, improve QCD synthesized competitiveness, it is driven on boldly, should do what is appropriate and discard what is inappropriate that all-round to the international market. 6 accelerate the localized journey, especially talents' localization. Because domestic ties enterprise's mutual competition on day, reduce humanware's fee, foster talents, strengthen the ability to develop independently, improve the key competitiveness of enterprises fundamentally.

[pedese-blog]

Application and attentive matters of the capacitor in the step-down type power of the electric capacity

In the commonly used low voltage power supply, step down (actually the current limiter of the electric capacity) with the capacitor With comparing with the voltage transformer, the power that the electric capacity steps down is small, economic, reliable, high in efficiency, the shortcoming is not so safe as the power of the voltage transformer voltage transformation. While leading the alternating current into supporting through the capacitor, there is 220V voltage on ground, it is easy for people to get an electric shock, but is used in the circuit internal circuit power not needing the human body to contact, this weakness can also be overcome. If the turning on of electronic thermostat of the refrigerator or remote control power The power of closing etc. is stepped down and made with the capacitor.

Step down as to the resistance, as to 50Hz alternating current lower in frequency, the heat energy produced on the capacitor losses very small, so the capacitor steps down and is superior to the resistance and step down.

Through the magnitude of the condenser current, receive this capacitor of capacitive reactance Xc =1 (2π fC) ,The unit of Xc is ohm; The unit of the frequency f of alternating current is hertz; The unit of the capacitor C is the farad.

Look on as different capacitor C of capacity ' ),While inserting the AC circuit of AC220V 50Hz, the capacitive reactance of its C and electric current that can pass are set out in annexed table. This electric current namely current value of maximum that the capacitor C can offer.

While stepping down and making power with the capacitor, must pay attention to the following several points:

( 1) After the capacitor steps down, must be after commutating, straining and involves the voltage regulation of voltage stabilizing diode, could win stable power of voltage ' Note: The rectifying circuit can also use the halfwave rectifier) .

( 2) The withstand voltage of the capacitor preferably in above 630V, and employ the non-polar capacitor and there are polar capacitors that can't be used.

( 3) Connect the bleeder of 500K-1M in parallel at both ends of the capacitor.

( 4) If need to add the mains switch, in order to prevent the surge current from connecting to load RL in parallel.

( 5) Should isolate the voltage transformer to insert in AC220V circuit with 1:1 in the course of assembling and debugging, so as not to get an electric shock.

[ingragm-blog]

Development trend of the electrolytic capacitor paper of undervoltage

Unsubstitutability of the electrolytic capacitor paper

With the development of science and technology, especially integrated circuit (IC) , very large scale integration (VLSI) Development,could develop continuously capacitors whole trade, even survive, there aren't room, but since 1987, global capacitor productive capacity increase with 20% speed of the above every year, make this kind of suspicion declare its own bankruptcy. Practice has proved the electrolytic capacitor has extremely strong vitality and unsubstitutability.

Because of the appearance of IC on one hand, make the capacitor of some small capacity integrated to the circuit; On the other hand, the development of IC enables the improvement greatly of operating frequency of the circuit system, cause the electrolytic capacitor to be replaced in the part of a circuit by other capacitors. But the power supply unit of IC circuit is due to an electrolytic capacitor all the time.

In addition, the improvement of one's own characteristic of the electrolytic capacitor is expanded to the applications of other capacitors too.

Therefore, aluminium electrolytic capacitor has not impacted by other capacitors, have the intersection of unit volume and the intersection of capacity and large, the intersection of electrostatic capacity and old, high easy to miniaturize, have the intersection of self-healing and characteristic, unique advantage such as being cheap specific volume. In addition, though there is certain competition in small capacity of undervoltage, its outlet lies in accelerating relevant technical research and development, strengthen and continue expanding the Off-The-Shelf advantage of the electrolytic capacitor, overcome its autogenous shortcoming. Especially in recent years, the electrolytic capacitor has already made considerable breakthrough progress in many aspects, have realized the qualitative leap. Not merely its market share has not shrunk, on the contrary, its application is being expanded constantly, appear and grow at top speed, welcome a lot of unprecedented opportunities for development. And the electrolytic capacitor paper as one of its three major raw materials has ripe products, make low cost, such not replacable advantages as environmental protection is degradative, the absorbability is good, high temperature resistant, because some electrolytic capacitor paper has unsubstitutability.

Development trend of the electrolytic capacitor paper of undervoltage

1,Low loss

To electrolytic capacitor, the magnitude of its loss value depends on the inherent dielectric loss and electrolytic equivalent series resistance of the foil of electrode. Will certainly have dielectric loss more inherent as the intersection of electrode and foil, main measure lossed to reduce absorbability to raise electrolytic capacitor paper. In order to improve the absorbability that undervoltage electrolyzes the paper, adopt lower fibers of lossing value such as S, M, C, B, E,etc. to electrolyze paper raw materials in the majority of producer as undervoltage, and reduce the density of the paper on the premise of guaranteeing the tensile strength, the density of products such as MER0.5, MR5D0.5 of NKK Company,etc. has already reached 0.35g/cm3 at present. In production technology, the S2 series products of China KAN Company have adopted the horizontal permutation technology of fiber for the first time, through increasing the longitudinal capillary imbibition function of fiber to improve crosswise sucking and sex of the paper. In product structure, most producers adopt the double layers to compound even the multi-layer combined structure to reduce undervoltage and electrolyze the lossing value of paper, such as series MR5D of Japan NKK Company, series S2, SM2, WB2 in China KAN Company have all adopted the double-deck combined structure, series SMS of China KAN Company have also adopted the combined structure of tri-layer.

2,High purity

It is a characteristic shortcoming of the electrolytic capacitor that the leakage current is bigger, undervoltage electrolytic capacitor has relatively high expectations for precision, so there are special requirements, for example the coupling capacitor in the pre-amplifier stage of high gain on also leakage current, demand to have no quality that leakage current guarantees the high-fidelity stero set apparatus, reduced the leakage currenting becomes that meets the important subject of the requirement in this respect. And the key factor of influencing the leakage current as the purity of electrolytic paper of raw materials of the electrolytic capacitor. At present, IEC and various countries every canonial purity project index is not the same, but is well below the real standard of the electrolytic capacitor paper at present. Like the intersection of iron and corpuscle, the intersection of Japan and national standard stipulate 0.1- 1mm2 less than or equal to 5 / 1800cm2, but Company and China KAN company, NKK of Japan, all stipulate & gt now; 0.1mm2 forbids yes, 0.08- 0.1mm2 is less than or equal to 5 / 1800cm2. And for example: Water soluble chloride content, IEC standard stipulate, less than or equal to 5mg/kg, and standard, NKK of Japan and KAN of China stipulate that is less than or equal to 2mg/kg, it is still well-above the index to require to control competence actually. Every purity index will be gone still one step further to improve in the future.

3,The high strength is slim to melt

It is higher and higher with the automaticity of production of the electrolytic capacitor, the roll speed of the bag of the capacitor is improving constantly, require higher and higher to the intensity which electrolyzes the paper, especially undervoltage electrolytic capacitor paper, on one hand, because it will meet electrolytic capacitor low loss and miniaturization requirement, display in characteristic of the paper wanting, having good absorbability ' Lower density) ; On the other hand, in order to meet the requirement for miniaturization of capacitor, it is thinner and thinner to electrolyze the paper, but the density is too low or the thickness is too thin will be influenced and electrolyzed the intensity of the paper. So, on the premise of meeting capacitor low loss and miniaturization, improve the intensity of the electrolytic capacitor paper of undervoltage, it will be a direction in which the electrolytic capacitor paper of low pressure will be developed in future.

[jarenski-blog]

TDK researches and develops and uses the medium voltage of batch productino on the ceramic packed tag capacitor of the high capacity

TDK Company claims to research and develop a medium voltage used for nominal voltage 100 V and use the ceramic packed tag capacitor recently, and plan in July batch productino and sale at the beginning. This product has adopted TDK to be in technology of dielectric lamina of pottery of leading position and technology of laminating, have brought capacity up to the highest level of the like product of medium voltage in the industry.

In recent years, with a large number of application of the vehicle carried electronic device, are driving the characteristic and basically improving constantly as one of the vehicle, driving the comfortableness and safety is being promoted constantly. In addition, the car in environment protecting mode of new generation has adopted and raised the mileage of petrol and reduced the technology that the carbon dioxide discharges, have caused the extensive concern of the whole world. Under the environment of such a market, are installing and increasing in the quantity of inner electronic device of finite space constantly, the market prones to miniaturization to the electronic requirement vehicle mounted too, save the demand of the space usage to increase constantly.

In order to deal with the market demand, TDK relies on its advantage in material technology and technology of laminating, have reduced the interval of the ceramic dielectric layer by 40% than the past products. In addition, having also optimized the sintering condition, thus has kept the reliability of the packed pottery tag capacitor vehicle mounted while realizing small dimension of part, high capacity.

Medium voltage compares with TDK past products with the packed ceramic tag capacitor, under the condition of the same capacity, the size shrinks by nearly 50%, and the part with the size, capacity is improved by one time comparatively. This product accords with X7S temperature behavior (operating temperature range: -55 degrees C to 125 degrees of C; Capacity is changed: ± 22%) ,Very suitable for vehicle carried engine part and required switching power supply of flat current circuit 1 of commercial installation.

1) Flat current circuit: One pass capacitor and other the intersection of component control and impulse current ' Release the electric charge stored to commutate the electric current) Circuit,make electric current good steady.

Interval of ceramic dielectric layer more past products have been reduced by 40%, has increased capacity, realize small dimension, high capacity.

Accord with X7S temperature behavior (operating temperature range: -55 degrees C to 125 degrees of C; Capacity is changed: ± 22%) .

Vehicle engine part Input/Output advection ( Battery circuit,etc.)

Commercial installation switching power supply advection

[gonlear-blog]

Create and unite and is awarded to Xi'an high and new technology industrial development zone in Xi'an " The star enterprise " Title

Achieve and unite electric science and technology (group) in Xi'an Limited company, is awarded to " star enterprise in 2005 " by the management committee of high and new technology industrial development zone of Xi'an Title. Recently, the management committee of high and new technology industrial development zone of Xi'an, display excellent enterprises to carry on commendation and communication in the district to 2005. Achieve and unite electric science and technology (group) in Xi'an Limited company, because there was overhanging manifestation in such aspects as production and management, industry development in 2005, awarded by the management committee of high and new technology industrial development zone of Xi'an " The star enterprise in 2005 " Title. Achieve and unite electric science and technology (group) in Xi'an Limited company, has already won the honor of the annual star enterprise of high and new technology industrial development zone for two years in succession. Create and unite electric Science & Technology Co., Ltd. to register in Xi'an high and new technology development zone in Xi'an, registered capital is 200 million yuan, total value of assets is 450 million yuan, it is the new high-tech enterprise incorporating research and develop, is produced, solding into an organic whole. Mainly produce the armies, civil electronic products in 33 big classes such as thick-film integrated circuit, various electric connectors, potentiometers, capacitors.

[boncostick-blog]

Choose to support the reliable car applied capacitor

It is the car electron of today " >The car electronic product chooses the most reliable capacitor, the designer needs analysis a large number of device parameters and characteristic characteristics carefully. And then consider work environment and particular goal application of these devices. Characteristic tantalum, aluminium electrolyzing, polyester membrane and pottery that this text has canvassed four kinds of main dielectric capacitors. This text has also introduced the temperature coefficient of capacitance, voltage coefficient of capacitance and influenced other factors that the capacitor chooses.

As to various capacitor non-conductor, the first needing noticing is, every kind of capacitor non-conductor has typical electric capacity and voltage range (see Fig. 1) . However, for needing capacitance value to be arranged among 0.1 F to 10 F and the voltage is less than the application of 50V, we have several choices. In order to find out the characteristic characteristics of different kinds of capacitors, need to use some rudimentary knowledges of the capacitor.

The capacitance value of each kind of capacitor can use the same equation to confirm: C =(K x A) /t. Electric dielectric capacity (K) of the dielectric type of each kind of capacitor It is stationary. So, as to the given condenser dielectric type, capacity is direct and surface area (A) of electroplate that the capacitor is open Relevant, and with the dielectric thickness (t) Inversely proportional to. The dielectric thickness is also determining the pressure tight ability (nominal voltage) of the capacitor .

2 Fig. show four basic electric dielectric capacity and dielectric strength of capacitor these ' Tolerate the voltage) Value. Just as we saw, when K-value and dielectric breakdown strength are lower (such as polyester membrane capacitor) ,The result will be lower volume efficiency. However, the size is only a characteristic of the given capacitor type. For example, the volume of the membrane capacitor is quite large, but there are extremely high efficiency and stable dielectric characteristic, thus has remedied the inferior position greater in volume.

Fig. 3 is the working principle diagram of the capacitor. Equivalent series resistance (ESR) It is a resistant main part, represent loss in the capacitor. ESR value varies with temperature, frequency and dielectric type. Insulation resistance (IR) Determining to be giving the direct current of exerting the lower capacitor of the voltage and leaking the voltage. The leakage current is different because of the temperature and magnitude of exerting the voltage. Membrane / the pottery (static) The intersection of drain and electricity of capacitor shed usually than tantalum, aluminium ' Electrolyze) The capacitor is much lower.

The car has capacitors of all kinds of and style while employing, but the development trend has integrated the all more around and more complicated capacitor. Though the device with lead more wire of sector application of car, the outdated circuit is neat and is capsulated components and parts technology by the surface and replaces fast.

According to the most frequently used criteria for classification, the capacitor can be divided into two kinds of basic structural types. They are the static ' Membrane / pottery) And electrolyze ' Tantalum, aluminium) Capacitor. Usually, the static condenser presents very low ESR and impedance, it is the homopolar device. This means they can assembled in enormous quantities and inserted the p-c board at a high speed. The electrolytic capacitor usually offers more high capacitance value, but not the polarity products, so must mount onto on the board in correct direction. Table 1 has summarized the essential features of these capacitors.

However, every kind of capacitor has its unique characteristic, even in a certain capacitor, whether to suitable for giving or not to employ and also depending on the particular non-conductor. For example, the unworn organization of the tantalum capacitor, is especially suitable for needing long life and high steady application of degree. The operating temperature reduces 10 ℃ each time, the working life of the Aluminium Capacitor will double, but an important one is to make them far away from detergents. The ceramic capacitor does not need surge current to inhibit, but need to click and shield the high temperature to the device of the high nominal voltage. The membrane / foil capacitor is especially suitable for the application of high electric current. The metallized capacitor has oneself to resume the function, can improve reliability.

Fig. 4 compares the tantalum capacitor with similar capacitance value with ESR and Z value of the ceramic capacitor.

Capacitance value varies with the temperature. This is the so-called temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) . Fig. 5 has shown tantalum and X7R ceramic comparison. Fig. 6 has shown tantalum and Y5V ceramic comparison. While keeping the circuit of the lowest capacitance value in requiring the whole temperature range, must consider TCC while designing. To ceramic capacitor, the voltage of the capacitor influences capacitance value (the electric field intensity on non-conductor change the effective electric dielectric capacity K of the material) too . As will be seen from Fig. 6, this, to stable non-conductor (such as NP0) Or exert the voltage when being lower than the nominal voltage, this is not a question. This kind of characteristic is known as the voltage coefficient of capacitance (VCC) . Fig. 7 has revealed different kinds of ceramic voltage coefficient of capacitance. One. It may need minimum capacitance value or very low ESR to employ. In addition, must also consider cost and size of the capacitor and capsulate the type. The reliability question of latter stage of life-span is very important too. Each kind of capacitor has its particular attribute. The attribute is determining which kind of application every kind of capacitor is suitable for.