Bhattacharyar

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Design of cover glass temperature controller of kleptoscope

Summary: Adopt AD590M as the temperature sensor, control the filmy open electric heating of the electric conduction through the modal conversion of the work of the control relay, realize long-range monitoring and control of the glass temperature of kleptoscope window, has achieved the goal that go to the ice, reveal or go to the fog as window cover glass of kleptoscope. Keyword: Kleptoscope; Temperature sensor; Cover glass; Window comparator

Sum up for prevent sea water from enter inside the kleptoscope, population of light, in kleptoscope have one can bear certain the intersection of sea water and cover glass of static pressure. When the submarine uses the kleptoscope to observe under the cold climatic condition, the intersection of header and window its will moral integrity that ground cover condense cover soon, only solution lift down kleptoscope develop, rise, observe and then in sea water the past. But this kind of method is inconvenient, the result is unsatisfactory, are covered with soon after after rising. Under the extremely cold climate, such as while using in the Arctic Ocean, the kleptoscope will be received severely to influence and lose utility. The method which solves the above-mentioned problems is to set up cover glass of header to heat the device in the kleptoscope, it does to offer deicing, defrosting for window cover glass of submaine periscope and go to the fog, guarantee the normal use of the kleptoscope.

The temperature controlling system of temperature controlling system is made up of heating conductive membrane, temperature sensor and controlling circuit on window cover glass of kleptoscope. Measured the window and protected vitreous average temperature by two temperature sensors AD590M on the glass diagonal line of window, turn the sensor output current into the voltage through the detection circuit of temperature, compared with threshold voltage of the voltage comparator of dual limits, reveal the work of protecting the vitreous real temperature range and combining the control relay, normally closed through every electrical relay, it is changed, realize the control on open electric heating of conductive membrane of cover glass of window that the normally-open contact work is modal. The conductive membrane plates diaphanous conductive membrane on window cover glass of kleptoscope, plate metal electrode at the filmy circumference of the electric conduction, bond temperature sensor in the window protects four vitreous angles, heat the Temp.-controlling device and exert the controllable AC supply of voltage to the conductive membrane through the perimetral metal electrode of the membrane, heat window cover glass of kleptoscope. Because the conductive membrane is always exposed to the air, so membranous layer is apt to be influenced by damaging and dirt dust, after being energization, accelerate moving in the conductive membrane freely and electronic vigorously, enable electricity to change into heat energy, play heating to act on cover glass. If the energization heating temperature is too high, time too will loss, short out even puncture mottled membranous layer long, when it is underwater to lower the kleptoscope into, produce vitreous popping easily. If open electric heating hypothermia, it is too short, the purpose that can't achieve deicing rapidly, defrosting and go to the fog. Should solve this contradiction, except the suitable power of choosing the heating arrangement, automatic regulation and control of the heating temperature are very essential, in order to meet the requirement that is heated under different external temperature. The semi-conductive temperature sensor of choice of the temperature sensor mainly has two kinds of main types of digital temperature sensor and simulation temperature sensor, and every kind of type includes a variety of products. The digital temperature sensor monitors functions such as local and long-range temperatures,etc., have already replaced the temperature sensor of analog output in a lot of are employed. But the simulation temperature sensor can emerge and become the voltage or electric current signal of presenting the linear proportionate relationship with the temperature, and does not need additional linearizer to normalize the nonlinearity of the sensor, so the analog output temperature sensor has extensive application in case of not needing digitization to output in those, such as AD590M Tap temperature sensor. AD590M is a single scale integration both ends Tap temperature sensor that U.S.A. simulation device Company produces, its working voltage 4~30V; Examine warm range - 55~150 ℃; Precision

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Prospect forecast: Meaning in which HSPDA designs to the 3G mobile

3G WCDMA/UMTS just began to dispose in the world, hankering after the new technical personage will lose enthusiasm to this once for a time hot new technology, then begin to pay close attention to the packet access of descenting at a high speed (HSPDA) Technical beautiful future. The technological trade seems to be always constant change like this. Once we are sure that it is feasible to dispose a certain technology, we will begin to seek the next and great innovation to break through, HSDPA is exactly like this. So, before joining the debate, please allow me to explain one point: The question does not lie in whether HSDPA will be replaced UMTS, but HSDPA knows the compliance general trend and develops into a kind of technology apt to dispose, and the software that becomes the existing 3G UMTS network is strengthened edition. HSDPA is moving towards commercialization, 43 networks come into operation at present, another there are 63 network planning and is at disposing or experimental stage. cingular wireless Company began the introducing trader to use HSDPA business on some markets of North America at the end of 2005, and estimate UMTS/HSDPA network will finish the arrangement in most staple markets of U.S.A. before the end of this year. Its main operator (including NTT DoCoMo, Vodafone and T-Mobile) Began to introduce HSDPA business too in 2006. The main operator of Europe is carrying on the test, it is estimated that will dispose in 2006 following Asia and North America, most WCDMA/UMTS runs the staging of association of dealers to HSDPA. In fact, some operators jumped over UMTS and and disposed HSDPA technology (data source directly simply: 3G Americas, July of 2006) . However, few people mention the meaning that is designed to the mobile phone of this kind of agreement in disposing course in HSDPA network. Certainly, after disposing high-efficiently, HSPDA can offer the data rate of 3.5G characteristic and 14.4Mbps.

A lot of advantages of developing HSPDA step by step are setting up above the following fact foundations, this agreement is basically right 3GPP (3G cooperative partner's project) Normal expansion. It can improve bit rate through building up familiar UMTS technology, and will mainly handle the task to shift from control device of radio network to Node B (base station) ,Thus near the air interface even more. So, the mobile phone OEM manufacturer can reuse the majority and have UMTS design work now while developing HSDPA device, only need to add the characteristic more high SIGPROC signal processing assembly. However, what merits attention is, the design of the receiver of the mobile phone does not change much at present; WCDMA sender basically maitains unchanged. HSUPA (the upstream packet access of high speed) Will walk slowly like a woman subsequently.

The obstacle that still needs to cross over, in order to fully excavate the potentiality of HSPDA speed of download, we need receiver technology more advanced than CDMA target type receiver that use in the early solution. These more advanced receiver technologies just improves to some extent, but is far from offering the potentiality of anticipated crest value. And the advanced equalizer can solve the above-mentioned problem. The aerial question is another key element. Though the single aerial system is suitable for employing and can totally give play to the ability of data rate partly in cases there are ideal air interface conditions, but high-performance mobile phone and PDA can only choose to receive various (receiver diversity)s Pair aerial system. Increase a receiver and aerialing makes the mobile phone can realize more high speed of download under most air interface conditions. HSPDA will influence SIGPROC signal processing of the mobile phone and system control seriously, so need more complicated hardware and software. This is from the following facts obviously, it supports 16 stepses of straight intermodulation one (16 - QAM) , the periodic line is adapted, physical layer transmit and mix automatic retransmission again (HARQ) Physical layer of association, signal channel terms feedback, and allow to share by air interface the transmission channels news of the signal channels of users many, namely high-speed descending share channel (HS-DSCH) . The high steps 16 - QAM modulation needs more high radio characteristic, especially more high linear scale. In addition, the receiver can measure the quality of signal channel and provide for base station and feedback. Adopt most new and 65nm technological how key appearance of semiconductor device bring for designer enormous to help, make them meet HSPDA more quick processing rate and more high memorizer demand, can meet power consumption and cost and save the demand at the same time, this is 130nm and 90nm technological enormous progress which UMTS system adopts at present. Though 2 sets of aerials will gather the identical signal, but integrating in the mobile phone can establish to receive the diversity or adaptive modulation function optimally and receive the state under various chain travel permit one of dual receivers and one pair of aerial systems. This needs each set of aerials and receivers to run in their each independent signal transmission channel, can formate these two input signals while requiring the system at the same time, in order to offer the best single signal, this will obviously bring the size question. However, the maximum challenge that the designer that double antenna, dual collector dispose faces is to put the aerial with the distance as far as possible, that is to say one is on-mike, another one nears the earphone, lie in both ends of the mobile phone respectively. This will form an interesting problem in renovating the mobile phone, because the signal must pass the hinge.

The final road is becoming riper with UMTS market, the same as EDGE arrangement situation after GPRS market is ripe, the arrangement for HSDPA is growing in intensity too. Dispose HSDPA network with companies such as Cingular and NTTDoCoMo,etc., the above-mentioned trend begins to float above the surface of water. Unless the HSPDA cell-phone one and it is getting more high efficiency bring out the best in each other with high performance, in addition,because of processor can deenergization within more long time, the life time of the battery can be lengthened too. In a word, HSPDA is a kind of quite striking technology, but the mobile phone can't permit and look small to design the challenge at all. (this text publishes in Spain Mundo Electronico magazine at first)

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One pair of step-down type DC/DC converters LM2717-ADJ

LM2717-ADJ is the new product that half a company of country put out recently, it is a kind of double-output composed of two PWM step-down type converters, voltage adjustable IC. The leading particulars of this device: The switched current of the internal gas switching tube of the step-down type converters of No. the first is reachable 2.2A( R DS(ON) =0.16Ω) ; The switched current of the internal gas switching tube of the step-down type converters of No. the second is reachable 3.2A( RDS(ON) =0.16Ω) ; Input the voltage range 4- 20V; The output voltage can be had the resistance to presume outside by two, the low-voltage is 1.267V the most; Switching frequency can be presumed within the range of 300- 600kHz; There is low-voltage protection and overheat protective of input in inside; 24 pins TSSOP are capsulated; Operating temperature range - 40 ℃- +125 ℃.

This device constituent duplicate supply is mainly applied to the computer schedule products on TFT-LCD display unit, handheld electronic device, walkie electronic product and knee.

The pin arranges the and function

The pin of LM2717-ADJ is arranged and shown as in Fig. 1, the function of every pin is shown in Table 1.

The pin of Fig. 1 LM2717-ADJ is arranged

Pertinent parameter ( Representative value)

LM2717-ADJ pertinent parameter is as follows: Quiescent current I Q =2.7mA; Reference voltage V BG =1.267V; It is 4- 20V to input electric V IN; The limiting value of switched current: The first No. is 2.2A, the second No. is 3.2A; The frequency presumes it is the resistance R F: R F =4.64kΩ hour, F SW =300kHz; R F =2.26kΩ hour, F SW =600kHz; Close and control: Normal operation of power, VH> 1.8V; The power is closed, NL< 0.7V; Undervoltage is latched when the input voltage V IN is lower than 3.6V; Normal operation when the input voltage V IN is higher than 3.8V.

Circuit of typical application

Fig. 2 exports the application circuit of 15V and 3.3V

Fig. 3 exports the application circuit of 5V and 3.3V

Fig. 4 boots the boost-up circuit

The typical application of LM7217-ADJ circuit is shown as Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Fig. 2 is a kind of input 17- 20V, export the application circuit of 15V and 3.3V; Fig. 3 exports the application circuit of 5V and 3.3V under the same input voltage. The basic parameters of these two pieces of circuit are the same, the main difference is presuming the output voltage is different to resistance-values of the resistance voltage divider which feedbacks the end. C BOOTx (x value is 1 or 2) in Figs. 2, 3 It is a bootstrap boost capacitor, it can improve the voltage of the driver, there is sufficient VGS voltage to guarantee N-MOSFET, as shown in Fig. 4. At the time of having electrically, from VIN D C BOOST LX C OUTX electric current of person who reach give C BOOST and C OUTX (including C OUTXA) Charge, because of C BOOST< < ( C OUTX+C OUTXA) ,So the voltage of V IN is lowered on C BOOST mostly. The voltage V CBOOST on C BOOST is equal to the driver voltage V DRI, has guaranteed V GS magnitude of voltage of N-MOSEFT.

This text mainly introduces the choice of the device parameter of hitting some times of the circuit.

Settlement of a output voltage

The backfeed loop in the output voltage V OUT and Figs. 1, 2 divides the compressive resistance R FB1(3) And R FB2(4) Relevant, its relational expression is:

V OUT =(1+R FB1(3) /R FB2(4) )

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On the basis of the USB interface data acquisition system design of ADuC841

Summary: This text propose one Fu set up leaf USB simple and easy to realize in data collecting system in the spectrometer. Keyword: USB; Microcontroller; Multiple channel; Data acquisition

The foreword will often meet the situation needing to input various analog signals in the computer observes and controls the system, must need to change A/D at this moment. In some actual projects sometimes, choose some dedicated data collecting cards in order to gather some analog quantity, not only make the system more complicated,but also not apt to realize the function is expanded, increases the systematic design cost yet. On the other hand, the USB interface is easy to operate more and more widely used, so the USB interface of the Apparatus is a development trend. XFT-1 type open Fu set up leaf, vary spectrometer, adopt classical the intersection of Michael and modest interferometer, the light intensity after interfering changes with movement of the index glass, the electro-optic recipient target transforms the mere strong signal of secular change that is received for the corresponding voltage signal. In order to remove because not even errors caused of the migration velocity of the index glass, adopt the double channel in the module, measure the reference light (He-Ne laser) at the same time And after examining the light source, utilize and consult photic information to correct the position error of optical measurement examined. In XFT-1 type open Fu sets up the leaf and varies the spectrometer, have adopted such simple and easy USB data collecting system that this text put forward. In view of the economic, practical factor, have adopted one-chip computer and common USB interface chip in the system, will both combine the data acquisition system design which will realize the USB interface. The epistasis PC has adopted C # language programming, the data real-time display that gets gathering, handling the analysis, data to keep and print.

The hardware, circuit design this, system regards ADuC841 of ADI Company as the core to realize data acquisition and control. This one-chip computer lasts single instruction cycle 20MIPS 8052 kernels and 8 passways of 420Ksps at a high speed, 12bit A/D converter, support online download. Control device and ADC have integrated and shortened development time, has improved the stability of the system. This text regards oozing the permanent USB interface chip CH375 in Nanjing as the core and realizes USB data transmission. The following characteristic: Compatible USB2.0; Shield the associated USB agreement under the built-in firmware mode, finish canonial USB and enumerate the configuration procedure automatically, do not need local end control device to do any treatment at all, has simplified the firmware programming of the one-chip computer; One grade of interface of provision of equipment of common Windows driver program, offer API to employ the layer interface through DLL. The interface circuit diagram of ADuC841 and CH375 is shown as in Fig. 1. Two kinds of data link connecting means that and run side by side that ADuC841 and CH375 are serial. Adopt the way of running side by side in the module in order to improve the speed, link P0 mouth of ADuC841 with parallel bus of CH375. Besides reading and writing signal connection, adopt A14 as the address bit. A14 =0,Show it is the data on the data bus; A14 =1,Order on representing the data bus. In USB transmission course, ADuC841 and CH375 touch off through external interruption, adopts INT0 external interruption pin of ADuC841 to connect with INT # pin of CH372 directly. CH375 exports as the low level in normal working hour ACT # pin, so add a luminescent diode and point out whether the USB interface chip is the normal operation between power and this pin. The luminescent diode one has killed and offered important information for debugging of the lower-position unit procedure bright.

The system software of systematic software design is by the lower-position unit procedure (firmware procedure) , USB systematic driver program and three parts of utility program form. Utilize USB agreement to transmit the machine format model and is shown as in Fig. 2. Data acquisition and data transmission subroutine that the software program of this system mainly includes language C wrote the one-chip computer, and the data real-time display which the epistasis PC written with C # gathers, handling analysis, data keeping and procedure of sealing. The firmware procedure of the program device of the lower-position unit is a core of the data collecting system, the lower-position unit procedure mainly utilizes KeilC51 to be written. In order to reduce the complexity and increase the maintainability of the procedure, the lower-position unit programming adopts and inquires about the way carried out again in order that the PC spreads over through the USB interface first. Presume the agreement in upper computer and lower-position unit communication, presume corresponding command word and check field in the agreement. The master command word has systems that finds whether it is normal and presuming sampling frequency, presuming that samples the point size, samples the enabling signal etc. or not. The intersection of lower-position unit and for scan the intersection of command word and variable constantly, see it effective main program. It is original to be monitored the command word and set invalid, after the upper computer sends out the new command word, the lower-position unit enters the interrupt subroutine to receive the command word, the command word sets effective. After the content that the lower-position unit scans the new command word, carry out corresponding operation, then will wait to monitor the command word to set invalid and continue waiting for the new command word. The function of the task of refinement of this kind of design, help to develop, debug and safeguard. The data acquisition subroutine runs after the main program receive and start the course command word of data acquisition. After the one-chip computer receives the command word that the upper computer sends through USB over, start the course of data acquisition. It utilize slices of inner timer set for, gather time interval, pay data acquisition with slices of inner ADC. In the interrupt subroutine while booking, the one-chip computer will gather the data of two passways, deposite them in the buffer in certain order, then check whether the buffer is full, if the buffer is discontented, the sub end of program of timer interrupt, otherwise send the data in the buffer to the upper computer through CH375, clear out the buffer, the sub end of program of timer interrupt. It is easy to develop a great advantage of USB driver program, this system. Nanjing oozed the permanent company to already offer the general USB driver program to user. Only need installation Off-The-Shelf USB to drive the erection procedure, it has offered a lot of interface functions for development of the utility program. Because mainly adopt and upload in batches and download the way in batches, mainly use CH375ReadData, functions such as CH375WriteData,etc.. This part does not need writer. The procedure upper computer procedure of the upper computer can adopt many kinds of software development tools, this system has written the utility program with C # language under Visual Studio2005 development environment. Mainly finish reading, revealing, keeping, opening and printing the work of data,etc.. It is the key part of the upper computer procedure that the data read the course. For in from under location machine-readable data fetch at influence by interface smoothness that be responded to, make use of multithread to realize the data to read in the programming. Data acquisition work finish in single sub thread, but main the intersection of thread and piece responsible for, finish mouse, keyboard response in user. In the sub thread of data acquisition, offer API to employ the layer interface to visit the buffer in USB driver program directly through DLL. After succeeding in turning on the apparatus, utilize CH375WriteData interface function to write the command word in the buffer, send the order to the one-chip computer; Utilize CH375ReadData interface function to read the data in the buffer, the data gathered. Under Visual Studio2005 development environment, it is relatively lower to write the difficulty of program development of the upper computer. It is ocular that the real-time display of data has increased course of data acquisition. The data gathered set up a software timer through GDI + drawing on PictureBox controlling part, paint the figure once through regular hour again while being every, because the time interval is less than 0.1s, it is a curve of continuous change visually. Machine format save and it opens functions to be to utilize StreamWriters and StreamReader completion of C in the # mainly. Print data and figure and mainly use PrintDocuments, after transferring Print method, characters and graphic output that will need printing in PrintDocument_PrintPage incident or painting again and can be printed.

The simple connection which utilizes one-chip computer and USB interface chip is the getting extendible data acquisition module of a USB interface to conclude the speech, need, expand data storage outside, meanwhile, still very abundant acquisition system this peripheral hardware and the intersection of I/O and resource carry on expansion functionally on the abundant slice with ADuC841. In XFT-1 type open Fu sets up the leaf and varies the spectrometer system, have utilized ADuC841 to pass the synchronous electric machine control Michael modest interferometer index glass seat. Through testing, the precision great of sampled data of this system, the transmission rate is very fast, the characteristic is steady, after through linking with PC, not merely make the memory capacity of the data great, and apt to carry on data processing, economy simple, set up leaf vary spectrometer characteristic steady in the system in XFT-1 open Fu.

Bibliographical reference: 1. http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Data_Sheets/ 247905996157419352262670829ADuC841_2_3_0.pdf2. Universal Serial Bus Specification Reversion 1.1. www.usb.org, 19983. http://winchiphead.com/download/CH372/CH372DS1.PDF4. http://winchiphead.com/download/CH372/CH372DS2.PDF

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Image manipulation passway of the digital camera

The present digital machine adopts CCD (the coupling element of electric charge) Or CMOS sense optical device - optical device of these senses all turn optical signal into electric signals, but the conversion mode of the two is different.

The structure of Fig. 1 CCD is in CCD device - have several million sensitization picture element (Pixel) The constituent array is covered on the surface of the sensor. After exposing, the cumulative electric charge, through certain sequence on the whole CCD pel array, line up to read out from a port of CCD sensor, and change A/D through chip of a specialized analog to digital converter. CMOS changes A/D to the exposure of each picture element directly. However, the shortcoming of CMOS is that the photographic snesitivity is lower than CCD, the incoherent signal appears easily, this is mainly because the structure of every picture element of CMOS is more complicated than CCD, the sensitization of CMOS opens not to match an ADC amplifier as by CCD big _ and CMOS each picture element, (each amplifier has a slight difference) ,Compare with CCD of the single amplifier, noises that CMOS calculates should be many. But CMOS lies in the low cost to the advantage of CCD, there is little consumption, the circuit is relatively simple. On the basis of the above-mentioned pluses and minuses, CMOS applies to the low-end products of one yard of cameras, CCD is used in the medium and high-grade goods of the digital camera. CMOS sensor usually follows competence, vertical synchronization and a picture element clock with the parallel data like plain unit of RGB or YcbCr form output, can control the output of CMOS sensor video frame with external clock and locking signal too sometimes.

Permutation CCD sensors of Fig. 2 CCD picture element are different, output it for the analog signal, need a special purpose chip (including the analog to digital converter, sequence generator, vertical generator) ,Such as LR38667, AD9943, the analog signal of its processaable, changed its A/D and produced the required appropriate sequence of CCD array. The analog to digital converter is outputted for 10 or 12 parallel data of each picture element, follow the competence, vertical synchronization and picture element clock.

Certainly, the capture course of the picture will not be concluded in the sensor, on the contrary, this course has just begun. Let us have a look at the primitive picture Pass those links before turning into the exquisite pictures of display unit or other output units. In the digital camera, these handle links in " image manipulation passway " become . Provide a possible procedure in the picture. These algorithms are usually dealt with by dedicated DSP. Such as AT76C113 of ATMEL Company, this DSP includes automatically and photometric, automatic focus, automatic white balance.

It focus and it examine optical character system at you according to that camera according to when not making,last light sum automatic focus camera automatically, automatic focus, DSP controls the lens to activate, is making operation constantly according to the area preserved in advance, the ones that obtained the lens are the a bit clearerrest, thus control the lens to the clear dot location. Light of automatic _, measures the luminance of presetting the area, compensates the over-exposed or under-expose area by regulating the shutter speed or diaphragm magnitude, its main goal is to maintain the relative contrast degree between different areas in the picture, and reach the mean brightness required.

Picture broken to have a snack to stave off hunger some (image preprocessing) The sensor is the highly delicate components and parts, because of the influence in factors such as the manufacture process,etc., contain some defective picture element usually, so general picture mend, dispel by median filtering by some treatment technology. This kind of technology depends on such a fact, namely the rapid change among picture element is abnormal, because the optical course can only make the picture clear. The picture below, in order to compensate the defective picture element method.

White balance (image preprocessing) When we see a scene, no matter how light condition is, our eyes can all convert all inner things of the scene to a set of same natural color. But the color correctly of the image sensor " The perception " Depend on the light condition to a great extent, so it needs its acquired picture of mapping, make it look free of light to export finally. It can be through finishing manually or automatically that this kind of picture is shone upon. The primitive picture substantially as pursuing to come out for the sensor on the left, it is red through exporting the sensor, green, the blue pixel data are multiplied by different multiples and corrected, _ color and human eye which use _ feel unanimity.

The preconditioning has a lenses that is corrected (shade or distortion) ,This set of algorithms have solved and outputted the picture and seen the physical attribute problem of the scene of the deflection between real scene with users. Different lenses will produce different distortion. For example: The shade distortion of the lens has lowered the luminance of the area around the lens, it will make the picture present the edition line of color around that the colour difference is not normal, so DSP should carry on mathematic manipulation to the picture, in order to correct distortion.

Go mosaic, picture element interpolate, noise reduction and edge turn into, go mosaic may the intersection of image manipulation and most important and the intersection of calculation sum and operation of maximum under pipeline while being sharp. Usually each manufacturer has one's own method. But generally speaking inducible for several master algorithm. Bilinear interpolation or a pair of three interpolation,etc. is not that the self-adaptive algorithm belong to the easiest method, very suitable for the smooth area of the picture. But will go wrong with the edge of algorithm processing or abundant area of lamination, those can offer better treatment lamination according to the self-adaptive algorithm that some picture characteristic adjust. Adaptation algorithmic one example to based on reconstruction that edge lead, and the the intersection of algorithm analysis and area of picture element confirm in the side to interpolate. If it finds the edge nearby around of picture element, carries on interpolation along the edge, but not cross the edge. Another self-adaptive algorithm is to suppose the whole target has an invariable missing, this can prevent the sudden change of color echelon appearing in the specific target. And the mosaic method that a lot of go, including frequency-domain analysis, the neuron,etc.. Every picture element (Pixel) A correspondent color (R or B, or G) Change into every picture element (Pixel) Correspond to 3 faces R, G, B

The color is changed at this stage, RGB picture after interpolating transforms into the goal and exports the space, in order to compress or in LCD, TV display image, usually needs to carry on RGB to Yuv (YcbCr) Matrix change,gamma correction on other include this also often so as to lasting target indication. May be to Yuv (YcbCr) according to standard 4_ 2_ 2 forms at this stage Output and sample the two-shot color density, in order to reduce the color bandwidth, thus will not influence the visual effect.

After treatment is at this stage, the picture is improved through various filtering action before sending the display unit or storage media to. For example: Edge enhancement, reduce the elimination of noise and artificial color to finish at this stage.

Reveal, compress and store once picture plan, work well on reveal the intersection of picture and pipeline can to two different branching, in the first branching, the image output that is handled well is to the target indicator, it is usually LCD or TV. Sent the compression algorithm of DSP, use industry's canonial compression technique (such as JPEG) here first in the second branching picture Compress, then send the picture to memorizer mediums (it is usually a non- volatile flash card locally a little more, such as SD card CF card) .

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Connect the Equalized Charging technical research of the accumulator battery in a series

Voltage and capacity of the single storage battery are limited, should make up and connect the accumulator battery in a series to use under a lot of occasions. But the battery in accumulator battery has problem of equilibrium. What life time of raising the accumulator battery, improve stability and reduction cost of the system, it is the important problem in front of us.

The life time of the storage battery is determined, among them the most important thing is the physical property of storage battery by the factors in many aspects.

In addition, the system is the important reason for loss of life of the battery that battery management charges and discharges technical and low and not reasonable. To accumulator battery, remove the above-mentioned reason, the inconsistency among the monosomatous batteries is an important factor too. Monosomatous battery not isostatic phenomenon existing to the charging/discharging process of the storage battery, I analyze that has compared several kinds of present Equalized Charging methods, according with proposes actually that can't harm the Equalized Charging method, and verify the test.

Off-The-Shelf equilibrium charge-up method

Realize that carries on the Equalized Charging to every monosomatous battery which connects the accumulator battery in series, mainly there are the following methods at present.

1.Add an antithetical couplet equalization circuit on every monosomatous battery of the battery, in order to get the result of shunting. Under this kind of mode, when it is filled fully that a certain battery reach at first, the equalizing device can prevent it from being overcharged and transforming surplus energy into heat energy, battery charge that has not continued correctly being full of. This method is simple, but will bring the loss of energy, is not fit for the quick-charging system.

2.Monosomatous to each one before charging to discharge to the same level through the same load one by one, then carry on constant current charge, it so ases to be comparatively accurate balanced state guarantee one by one monosomatous. But to accumulator battery, because physical difference among the individual, each monosomatous to it reaches to be totally concerted ideal result while being difficult discharge deeply. Even reach the same result after discharging, will present the new unbalanced phenomenon in the course of charging.

3.Timing, sequence, gauging cell in the accumulator battery alone and charging evenly. While charging the accumulator battery, can guarantee charging or situation of the overdischarge will not have happened in every storage battery in the accumulator battery, therefore guarantee each storage battery in the accumulator battery is in normal working condition.

4.Use the timesharing principle, through control and switch of the switch assembly, make the extra electric current flow into the relatively lower battery of the voltage in order to achieve the charged purpose of the equilibrium. Efficiency of this method is higher, but control comparison is complicated.

Time shared control Equalized Charging schematic diagram of Fig. 1

5.Regard voltage parameter of every battery as the balanced target, make the voltage recorvery of every battery unanimous. As shown in Fig. 2, at the time of equalizing charge, the electric capacity is connected with two adjacent batteries alternately through the controlled switch, accept the charging of the high-voltage battery, and then discharge to the low-voltage battery, until two batteries of voltage reaches unanimity.

Unbalanced problem of battery voltage of settlement that this kind of balanced method is better, but this method is mainly used in the occasion of the battery with less quantity.

The balanced voltage of Fig. 2 charges the synoptic diagram of the principle

6.The overall system is mechanically controlled by the one piece, monosomatous battery all have independent a suit of module. The module, according to presuming the procedure, charge and manage every monosomatous battery respectively, charge the automatic disconnection after finishing.

This method is simpler, but will make the cost increase to count greatly a long time in the monosomatous battery, also unfavorable to the decrease of the systematic volume.

Can't harm and charge the way

This text can't harm and charge the way while proposing one kind. After Equalized Charging module start, overcharged battery will transfer to battery that not full of the surplus electric quantity, realize the dynamic equilibrium. Its loss with high efficiency is few, the battery voltage belonged to is controlled in the whole journey by the module of Equalized Charging.

A circuit design

N festival battery connects the constituent battery in series, the main loop current is Ich. Each connect the battery in series to connect with an balanced bypass, as shown in Fig. 3. BTi is a monosomatous battery in the picture, Si is MOSFET, the inductor Li is a storing energy component. Si, Li, Di form a current divider module Mi.

Charge in one in cycle, the working phase of the circuit is divided into two stages: The voltage measures stage ' Time is Tv) With Equalized Charging stage ' Time is Tc) . Measure stage in the voltage, balanced bypass circuit out-of-operation, the main power source charges the battery, measure the monosomatous battery voltage in the battery at the same time, and calculate the duty ratio of MOSFET according to the control algorithm. At Equalized Charging stage, MOSFET touched off in the bypass controls the on-off state by calculating the resulting duty ratio, deal with the Equalized Charging to the corresponding battery. During this stage, the electric current which flows through every monosomatous battery is constantly changeable, it is each not identical either.

Fig. 3 charges the way

Remove M1 connected to B1 both ends, it is uniform that all bypass current divider module makes up. In the intersection of Equalized Charging and bypass, because the intersection of diode and unidirectional the intersection of feed-through and function of Di, all the intersection of current divider and module will transfer to upstream battery surplus electric quantity from the corresponding battery, but a surplus electric quantity of M1 transfers to battery in the low reaches.

Calculation of 2 gas switching tube duty ratios

Charging state SOC (state of charge) of the battery while charging Can be obtained by the following empirical formula, among them V is the terminal voltage of the battery.

SOC =-0.24V 2+ 7.218V- 53.088( 1)

SOC is battery present capacity and proportion of nominal capacity, SOC=Q/QTOTAL

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The polykaryon is challenged again multiple - -The new alliance is working out the norm of communication API of polykaryon

Summary: This text has introduced the processor technology of polykaryon in terms of definition, textural difference, CAPI and embedded software. Keyword: Polykaryon; Symmetrical; Unsymmetry; CAPI

Is it correctly or by mistake? The present refered polykaryon processor is processor producer and IP supplier in order to sell more chips and kernels and the transitionality made is propagandized hotly. The so-called development technology of using direct multiplication of single kernel for this kind of polykaryon processor chip of desk calculating machine and server is pushing to the embedded system directly. If believe this kind of speech about the polykaryon processor on the transactions, waiting will know to at the time of the true requirement for the polykaryon processor characteristic one day in the future, will be astonished definitely. The actual polykaryon processor original document means a kind of new technology about the future microprocessor. Can really sell more chips and kernels, and can demonstrate some desired practical results in characteristic and power consumption in multinuclear deception at present. But unfortunately, used for using in desktop and server above-mentioned directly painless many nuclear technology of multiplication type use help to be limited to a embedded one for many years. In order to further investigate the structural challenge of new polykaryon, the organization of a non-profit-making polykaryon alliance has been established in some companies recently, its aim lies in assisting embedded industry to solve the generality difficult problem of playing polykaryon processor of chip type. This organization first challenge solved to set about Communication difficult problem during the multi-core shell fragment. Developing API norm for Communication among the kernels now. Because alliance this get permission, register formally yet, so member its announce while being inconvenient now. However, have filed an application and already paid for the first time already there are 15 at least in companies of the membership dues.

Multinuclear multiple meaning should be given at first the next definition of polykaryon. The polykaryon has many kinds of definitions, especially unfortunately, the polykaryon has already been abused again and again by the market, and even that is blamed is a kind of fraud. Polykaryon alliance think monolithic the intersection of polykaryon and device should have two and autonomy processing unit of the above. Autonomy or initiative is the important condition of the processing unit. According to this definition, the system with the coprocessor is repelled except polykaryon processor in the procedure of all host computers, it is many nuclear systems and it is nuclear to connect DSP which carry out one's own instruction stream with host computer. This is a concise part in the definition. If touch upon AMP (unsymmetry is dealt with) And SMP (symmetrical treatment) ,Isomorphism and isomerism, the memorizer shares with the structural style of distributing etc., the concise definition will be broken through. SMP in polykaryon deal with to contain two and occasion of the above, each have the same chip, it is the same as a structural kernel, operate the same software. SMP can share the memory and buffers and bond the part. SMP uses the isologous kernel, though the isologous kernel needn't be must be SMP. If inside is an isologous kernel, but what every kernel is operated is not identical operating systems, then turn into antisymmetrical multiprocessing (AMP) . AMP system can use the kernel of isomerism and share and store the interface or use and is distributed the memorizer too. Sometimes, AMP and NUMA (not a storage architecture) Can regard as the synonym. In any case, the isomorphism or isomerism kernel can form the polykaryon processor, the polykaryons processor can all press SMP ( symmetrically) Or AMP (unsymmetry) The mode runs. Later on, clarify the composition of each embedded polykaryon processor is very important, because different demands to have different compositions. Freescale and Intel choose a pair of nuclear embedded much nuclear structure of isomorphism with the purpose of employing in advanced industry and communication. Freescale, ST and TI Company regard consumption electronic product of all kinds of multimedia as the goal, uses the embedded chip of polykaryon of isomerism, Nomadik such as i.MX and ST of Freescale. Other companies, have several dozen, several hundred and even thousands of pieces of nuclear isomorphism or isomerism polykaryon processor as PicoChip Design and Connex Technology Company constructs. The intersection of difference and huge the intersection of polykaryon and processor in essence these, programming and hardware high to walk abreast degrees of the intersection of and specialization further in software.

AMP and the intersection of SMP and more difference, about AMP or dispute of pluses and minuses of SMP, from common to calculate polycomputer and multi-processor of field begin, been argueing for a long time and consultation. Though has lasted decades, has not still seen the clear winner float above the surface of water. Two upper and lower level of scheme say, clean the street clear, finally by the applied need in order to do what he thinks is right accurately. Now, the playground here is disputed and transmitted to again embeddedly. Use SMP, views from the point of employing the angle, the operating system has concealed CPU structural quality and offered some additional functions. There are a lot of to can support operating systems of SMP, including real-time operating system. Among them have both the commercial one and open source codes. Relatively AMP is easy in the programming of SMP, though the multithread programming of SMP is relatively difficult. The price of the known software occupies the equivalent number in the project is developed. In addition, SMP is more largely because of a area of silicon, consume energy and keep the complicated scheduling problem of cohesion of cache, there is name of the scheme of high price. Nuclear expenses when a factor of connecting bandwidth, moving ahead simultaneously, locking etc. is strengthened, make the scalability of SMP limited. Moreover, portable SMP system, because need to highly use the network on slice, the multinuclear frequent connection consumes more valuable electricity. The cohesion of cache, initiate SMP system and can't produce anticipated access delay time, make some real-time application systems unable to accept. SMP system more long access time, even can adopt the multithread of the hardware to remedy, will still produce the decline of the characteristic. Elasticity of SMP system is bad, when nuclear to use the quantity to increase, there will be more kernels that make the characteristic drop because of waiting for thread resources. AMP, under the support condition with hardware, respects such as a area of power consumption, silicon,etc. are improved to some extent, the efficiency ratio is SMP high. According to the traditional statement, the programming of AMP is relatively difficult. Generally speaking, cut utility program apart into Cheng section of loose coupling, it shines upon give distributed AMP to be one light thing in hardware structure and then. Some advocates have argued, can create the stepped health ecotope of the optimizer for AMP. But want to gather a plurality of program segments into the whole with agressiveness, it is not still easy thing. On however, it is at slice polykaryon number increase to certain extent at,it is seem more feasible not to adopt by SMP and AMP schemes mixed.

Many kinds of storage architecture whether the intersection of issue and many nuclear structure can discuss according to the intersection of memorizer and structural style with mechanism that Communication adopt too. For sharing many nuclear systems of storage architecture, adopt SMP programming modes more traditionally. Each kernel can be visited to all memorizers in the global address space. The typical method to visit shared memory is to use the controlling mechanism that inquires through the bus line, it to prevent by a plurality of kernel from with when visit by memorizers same. In order to make every kernel on one can be visited to all memorizers, this is method that directness understands the most. In addition, sharing the storage organization can be used and quoted the way to transmit the data, the data needn't move truly. At too many kernel with when deposit and withdraw when,know shared memory last bottleneck. Traditional SMP programming mode, can not adapt to many nuclear system processors very much. Because SMP traditional programming mode assumes, there are mechanisms such as homogeneous access structure and buffer memory,etc.. The power consumption of SMP is unsatisfactory, can't reach several dozen and even several hundred desired nuclear levels of embedded many nuclear systems in the flexible respect either. It is the excessive consuming that SMP moves ahead simultaneously to most embedded many nuclear systems thick and fast. The mode is clumsy and ineffective that embedded many nuclear systems need to be suitable for Communication and programming, but SMP of flow for flowing. The distributed structure includes from global Internet, long haul network (WAN) To the LAN (LAN) ,Server, single chip device with various treatment kernels. For distributing many nuclear systems that are stored, every kernel has one's own local memory. Though there may the overall situation that stores the address space, need various information transmission and resource synchronization mechanism and could communicate. With one's own local memory kernel needn't share, deposit and withdraw with other kernel efficiency and support and stretch out and draw back. Require as kernel a certain from other singly or a plurality of kernel obtain data and when the order, must move ahead simultaneously among them, and the data must move and replace and quote among the processors physically. Information transfer of supporting the portable shape that programming runs side by side. Distributed programming is usually than multithread (but it can work in SMP system it is very good) Programming is easy. However, the required code of the information transmission is greater than running side by side the transmissive share code. The transmission mode of information is a serial Communication process (CSP) at first And the one that design. Can associate it with at wording of serial communication, it will run on modern to require compact science of code employ the above, let alone use it on the embedded telescopic system. In order to support these many kinds of different storing and Communication architectures, has developed many kinds of API standards for many years. In that call it OpenMP (open multiprocessing) And MPI (information transmission interface) Two standard. MPI is distributed applied information transmission API far and wide in the computing system on a large scale. It can be used in many kinds of distributed storage organization, is suitable for the mobile system too. Each RUNNING hardware can be optimized by oneself, therefore it is high speed. Though MPI is powerful, it is complicated. If bring into play various functions, the memory on the one piece polykaryon is far insufficient, computing cost big to enable the time delay of the storage system too big at the same time.

Though Communication standard developed among more quick Communication API processor is numerous, that none is distributed for the near neighbour (tight coupling) , store compactness, characteristic, restrain the harsh embedded multinuclear system from design. In embedded world, it is symmetric to apply most to the right and wrong per se. Whether many nuclear systems can use the kernel of isomerism in the on-chip same form, or operate different operating systems and become non- symmetrical structure on the kernel of isomorphism, or make the two coexist on the same chip. In conformity with the intersection of opposite direction and many transformation of nuclear system, industry agree abstraction erupt the concept simultaneously, make it express API for use in a series of programming common, simply, effectively, ocularly. This is a aim of a polykaryon association. While writing the norms of embedded many nuclear systems, deal with resource management (kernel, stores, connects, I/O) ,Among kernel communication,and slices of expert for synchronism when state to some extent. Writing API should not be only directed against the single operating system, or simplex SMP operating system. When many nuclear systems of isomerism cross over a plurality of kernels to operate a plurality of operating systems, need to consider the resources that any operating system can't operate. The intersection of hardware and the intersection of accelerator and the intersection of inoperative and operating system any rely on, run at that time nuclear the intersection of operation and the intersection of system pair and its cross correlation work only. Complexity of this heavier kind of system of the accelerator of the hardware. The alliance has already set about working out API of the information transmission and resource management regarding embedded to distribute basic communication. Inside calls it Communication API (namely CAPI) . The target system of CAPI includes the kernel of multidimensional isomerism, connect on slice, the memorizer, operating system, software development tool, and programming language. CAPI is about writing the norm of API, but not its realization. The members of the alliance can consult it and finish one's own required processor structure and select to be realized by CAPI of the operating system freely. Though there is MPI and OpenMP industrial standard of programming of multi-processor, but its original goal still only concentrates on large-scale SMP distribution system and specific and particular application (such as scientific computation) . About elasticity, as as other canonial goals restriction of CAPI its. Moreover, compare with application respect, its CAPI is some of generalization even more. As shown in Fig. 1, CAPI takes shape single layer, on it can be the application layer or abstraction layer which the developer constructs. Best for characteristic, communication, move ahead simultaneously, mark with allocation of resources under kernel, by application layer and CAPI layer being directly mutual, stride the call of a series of time consuming operating system. CAPI has a long bunch of unique characteristics and functions supported.

Fig. 1 CAPI takes shape single layer, on it can be the application layer or abstraction layer which the developer constructs. Best for characteristic, communication, move ahead simultaneously, mark with allocation of resources under kernel, by application and CAPI being directly mutual, stride the call of a series of time consuming operating system. What provided is two nuclear situations in the picture.

The work among the balanced multi-processors is born transparently to write the software and think RTOS of a lot of support SMP in future, have avoided and written this part of software. The alliance hopes to lead this kind of convenience into AMP system too, though it is not relaxed to develop this part of software. Develop putting in an position and swiftness of the procedure lain in designing in main challenge of the application software. Programming personnel are devoted to optimizing more during programming, and put in an position fast, do not care about requirements for adaptability of different hardware structures, need and industrial standard of the market,etc.. The change of an ordinary hardware may lead to unite to and increase a lot of kernels, even different processors. Accordingly, will also involve the life cycle of the software. The developer needs to maintain the huge code library and how many generations 's products are ever extended evolved. As to the processor of the host computer, if it was quite steady and standardized operating system that used, will contribute to developing the software of reusable and repeatable mapping. But the present focus has already transferred to and occupied the application framework above the operating system. The application framework such as OpenMax of the multimedia, GStreamer and Direct Show have very great help in writing the software. However, most embedded software is operating on the dedicated processor for special function, have not usually accorded with the canonial operating system. Under such situation, shine upon and all turn into a very difficult problem fast. Today, there is inherent parallelism in most embedded application, wait for the programmer to develop. It is easier for them to shine upon SMP structure, and still the challenge so far to AMP. Communication among the process of floating above the surface of water newly (IPC) It is very helpful for the standard to solve this kind of problem, the polykaryon alliance is in course of developing too. It can write out and can give the modified software to the current structural old software in the future, and shift it to AMP. If using CAPI must revise the software, for being easy so as to move, may still need to build up the coupling of the looseness again. CAPI offer transplantation of source code and put in an position, make structural independence and flexible also. Can also even imagine, change CAPI into a framework with these characteristics, is used in the kit EEMBC of the assessment routine.

Fine middleware a society can increase applied interoperability, person who transplant and flexibility to the middleware of news soon. It can be distributed the utility program among a plurality of isomerism processor kernels. It can isolate through the other operating systems when employ the detail of each operating system to many operating systems, reduce the complexity of programming. Realize the canonical form of the message passing middleware, it is to adopt the software storehouse of the middleware. CAPI is an example of using message passing API middleware. Though the importance of CAPI is extremely crucial, it is in the bottom layer of the heap of middlewares, all middlewares on the senior level in the heap are performed based on it then come. Poly-Messenger of PolyCore software is an example of the message passing middleware. After waiting for CAPI to finish, expect to offer one set to possess mapping and put Poly-Messenger CAPI of ability as PolyCore. What it is offered by many nuclear systems is a set of unitary API. After abstracting the assembly with different hardware and with different software again, it will offer from the getting binuclear nuclear high-efficient flexible ability of several hundred. Different embedded application needs different parallel structures. Employ and SoC will be more and more complicated, the software will develop into and include the multi-type algorithmic complicated operating and their coordination between each other. The video decoding algorithm will demand to drive multinuclear ability. A large amount of application will require the multinuclear processor. Among them it is the only choice that a lot of employ and use multinuclear SoC. Already inevitably ground cover of polykaryon alliance involve in the polykaryon and debug the field. Support any embedded processor combined polykaryon and multi-processor system within developing instrument that a lot of producers declare them. Service terminal substantially as including in the extant scheme there are JTAG probes and another end, have a plurality of more development of varying with processor to debug the dedicated adapter. Although they can debug many nuclear systems reluctantly, not overall, it is binuclear and not all right that the system exceeds. Such as to using 16 debugging devices in 16 nuclear systematic imaginations of one. In the plan of the polykaryon alliance, plan to develop a canonial debugging prototype machine and corresponding API, hope the producer can consult unitary many nuclear system debugging devices. In order to meet the upcoming huge polykaryon revolution, the industry must advance the multinuclear ecotope hand in hand. Polykaryon alliance want manufacturer, the intersection of middleware and provider, the intersection of processor and manufacturer, the intersection of EDA and manufacturer of operating system, employ developer, the intersection of OEM and manufacturer and gather one while being other, encourage confidence, strengthen faith, work as one man, draft one accords with common required planning blueprint, guarantee its implementation. The births of the new things, original, the acceleration that is continued. The polykaryon alliance has a firm foundation stone established of the original one, have already set about dealing with the key challenge, with the development of undertaking, the emerging of the heir, shoulder heavy responsibilities, have a bright future! (Liang HeQing is translated from " Microprocessor Report ")

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A kind of novel voltage taking a sample electrical machinery protector

Summary: This text has described protection feature, and overvoltage, voltage shortage of a kind of novel voltage taking a sample electrical machinery protector, interrupted (or error phase) Wait for the characteristic. Keyword: The novel voltage takes a sample; Protector of the electrical machinery; Protection feature

The foreword, in the use of the three-phase alternating current motor, it is used in the transmission Apparatus with irreversible three-phase (such as water pump, air blower, air compressor, lift electrical machinery,etc.) that increasingly many . In order to enable electrical machinery and can be protected in time under interrupting, phase sequence, overvoltage, voltage shortage situation, corresponding protector should have, protect the function while being above-mentioned, in order to guarantee electrical machinery and Apparatus normal safety work. In the voltage taking a sample protector, usually monitor the electrical machinery working voltage through the protector, judge the state of its voltage (such as overvoltage, voltage shortage, phase sequence, error phase, and the above-mentioned faulty indication appears on the protector faceplate) ,If is out of order, the protector, to control circuit Apparatus (such as the AC contactor) in the three-phase feed circuit Control, the major loop power of breaking, thus and transmit the Apparatus to carry on valid protection to the electrical machinery. Taking a sample its maximum point compared with taking a sample type of the electric current of protector of voltage is: It is with having nothing to do the power magnitude of protecting the electric equipment, and only protect according to situation of the quality of the network source, enabling and is protected electric Apparatus from power quality badly causes damage. Especially in the three-phase irreversible Apparatus or feedder line, after confirming the phase sequence, while maintaining or changing the power supply line and asserting originally the error phase of phase sequence meets, the protector can distinguish its original phase sequence, thus protect electrical machinery and corresponding apparatus.

Taking a sample protector of usually voltage of protection feature of the protector, mainly protect electrical machinery open phase and phase sequence, and in actual motion to electrical machinery, working voltage it in voltage shortage or overvoltages to be very difficult to blow get effective protection often, the real working condition of the electrical machinery to being protected, it is its protector that the operating range is wide; In this operating range (exchange three-phase 300V 460V) ,The protector realizes its voltage shortage and overvoltage protection movement characteristic (movement characteristic is shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2) . In addition on the above-mentioned foundation of protecting the function, the protector can also follow the demand, not merely adjustable to overvoltage protection (380V 460V) And low-voltage protection (300V 380V is adjustable) The magnitude of voltage is set up, and it protects and delays time adjustable (overvoltage protection: Time delay 0.5S 5S is adjustable; Low-voltage protection: Time delay 1S 10S is adjustable) ,This protected the function and used and expanded and used the space for voltage taking a sample protector. Protector voltage shortage and movement characteristic of the overvoltage (Fig. 1) China, the intersection of characteristic and for being single-phase to pass the intersection of voltage shortage and the intersection of characteristic and line, characteristic line 2, pass, owe voltage characteristic line, characteristic line 3 to cross, owe voltage characteristic line for biphase for three phases 1 line.

The protector voltage shortage of Fig. 1 and movement characteristic of the overvoltage

Electrical machinery protector in design, consider protector should have overvoltage, voltage shortage, broken the intersection of error phase and 3 kinds of protection functions as an organic whole, adopt 3 input end negate AND gates and voltage comparators to finish this function. If the above-mentioned trouble takes place, in group IC4B (Fig. 2) Input end Determine to break error phase, overvoltage, voltage shortage trouble separately, signal input is " 0 " at this moment Level, and by the oppisite phase of group IC4C (use this group of output ends To drive the working condition of V1) Make V1 end, KA1 turns from attracting state into and releases the state, controls the contact to change. The contact of KA1, in order to release under the state (V1 end under the working condition) in Fig. 2 ,The intersection of protector and in the form of attracting KA1 (V1 enlarges under the working condition) when being like being in normal operation state .

The disconnected error phase of schematic diagram of picture 2 AS-11 electric motor protector protects the three-phase power to measure through A, B, C end, it put RC phase shift circuit into separately and three-phase power,such as will certainly,at n, w _ is minor in vector in nw at both ends, through voltage commutation to this, filter, make L3 (disconnected error phase) Point out, have in order to drive, then the intersection of photosensitive resister and IC2 (blow, isolate to sampling signal with working voltage) Conducting state that the place does not end. Thus make IC4A input end, end " 0" The state, export The end is " 1 " ,Mainly depend on IC4B inputs at this moment Change of the end. Interrupt while being mistaken or open phase vector, nw of _, increase at the trouble, through make L3 and IC2 work to rectification, filtering of voltage this. IC4A input end is " 1" ,Then output end It is " 0 " ,Thus cause V1 end, the intersection of KA1 and release, in the form of protection work protector. The work of voltage shortage protects and acts as group IC1A End (voltage shortage) Voltage with End (pass the partial pressure of R8, R9 resistance by IC4A end) ,In IC1A Terminal voltage U >U ,(conj.) The end is " 1 " ,Pilot lamp L1 work of voltage shortage. And compares (charges C5 through RP3, R11, sets for the guard time of voltage shortage) in IC1B ; It is " 0 " to carry UU When, the end is exported " 1" ,The pilot lamp L2 work of overvoltage, in IC1D End with End (RP4, R17 charge C9, the time setting of overvoltage protection) U

The typical application circuit of the circuit AS-11 electrical machinery protector of typical application is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 employs the example picture of the circuit

Conclude the speech voltage this take a sample protector of electrical machinery in case of two kinds overvoltage, voltage shortage, because it is wide to protect the voltage range, and voltage protection parameter value and guard time can be set up, this, in order to offer maximal convenience on user's inuse. In addition protect the most common open-phase trouble and phase sequence of electric motor, is not limited by the magnitude of horse-power of equipment of the electrical machinery, it is a taking a sample protector maximum characteristic of the voltage, have already been used extensively now.

Bibliographical reference: 1. Rise in Qian JinChuan, gold forest: The electric motor protector of electronic formula is simplied analyse, the electric Apparatus of the lathe, 2004.2 issues

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Use with MSP430 USI port ADS8361

Foreword ADS8361 A sampling rate is 16 analog to digital converter device of double-channel (ADC) of 500kSPS ,This converter has 4 the whole differentiating incoming channels, a pairwise pair, in order to realize the synchronous high-speed acquisition of signal. The input end to sample the hold amplifier is the whole differentiating, in addition, the input end of ADC keeps as the whole differentiating. This makes this ADC have remarkable common mode inhibitory potencies: It is 80dB in 50kHz, this is very important under the environment of high noise. MSP430 devices such as new MSP430F2013,etc. have common serial interface (USI) ,Therefore can be used in very simple and direct interface, this interface does not need to " bond logic " And there are few required software expenses. Some employ the requirement to realize accurate timing to the passway of synchronous data acquisition, we can obtain the required systematic result with this kind of interface at this moment. Hardware ADS8361EVMADS8361 It is the instrument of Dezhou (TI) Bunch that put out do the intersection of ADC and the intersection of electric machine control and the intersection of product series and product. EVM has offered the relevant platform, in order to demonstrate the function of ADS8361 ADC when cooperating with different TI DSP and microcontroller, and employed and offered and deposited and withdrawn all simulation and digital signal function conveniently to the made-to-order final user.

The hardware imterface structure chart eZ430-F2013 developing instrument eZ430-F2013 of Fig. 1 is the intact MSP430 developing instrument, including assessing MSP430F2013 all required software and hardware. We store excellently and offer this hardware with USB facilitated. EZ430-F2013 adopts embedded work bench IAR to integrate and develop the environment (IDE) ,In order to offer the intact simulated function, this device offers two kinds of options of independent system design and detachable goal board, in order to integrate in the existing design. More details, please visit: www.ti.com/ez430. The hardware imterface connects requiring and adopting three simple line interfaces (see Table 1) the most low of eZ430-F2013 and ADS8361EVM . Hardware connection is shown as Fig. 1. CLOCK of ADS8361, (RD + CONVST) Connect with Serial Data A pin to SCLK, MOSI and MISO pin of USI port separately. chip select (CS) The pin is earthed, because only put one ADC on the port. If connect the multiple device on the bus line, then GPIO that the chip select pin can be used on MSP430 device controls. Software interface MSP430 All software adopt IAR embedded to last platform (Kickstart edition) Write and compile. This software is a charge free edition of IDE, and here www.ti.com/ez430 The tools of websites are supported (TOOL SUPPORT) Some download. You can also ask to get the code used in examples. USI sets up USI module to offer the basic function of a synchronous serial Communication scheme of support. USI has built-in hardware functions, thus has simplified the implementation of SPI communication. In addition, USI module also has look-at-me functions, can further reduce the expenses of the software.

The intact single-channel switching cycle USI of Fig. 2 controls 0 and 1 (USICTL0 and USICTL1) depositing device Set up the elementary operation of the serial interface. Through setting up 3 in USICTL0, 5, 6 and 7, can dispose ports under SPI dominant mode. In addition, it can set up USI counter to cut off in USICTL1, thus realize SPI Communication effectively with the minimum software expenses. The polarity, signal source and speed of the serial clock can all be through setting up USI clock control depositing device (USICKCTL) Controlled. In terms of this text, clock polarity is set as zero (keep for being low) ,The clock source is SMCLK, the frequency demultiplication coefficient is one. Bit clock and shift register dispose and realize control in USI port, is counted the depositing device (USICNT) by USI location Location arrangement determine. There are 5 USICNT registers, can offer and reach cycle of 32 SCLKs more each time. If USICNT has for 0

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ADPCM pronunciation compiled code circuit design and FPGA realized

In recent years, the multimedia technology enters people's life gradually. MP3 player has already become popular walkie audio frequency playing device, because MP3 code algorithm is very complicated, at present, the recording functions of some MP3 players are mainly realized on the basis of ADPCM algorithm and DSP. This text has explained ADPCM pronunciation compiled code VLSI chip design method and made use of hardware of FPGA to realize.

ADPCM algorithm and coder-decoder principle

ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation, adapter differential pulse code modulation) The differentiating characteristic from adaptive character and DPCM system of comprehensive APCM, it is a kind of waveform coding with better characteristic. Its key thought is: Utilize adaptation change, quantize magnitude of steps, go the intersection of code and little difference with small quantized steps, difference with great code of using the large quantized steps to go; Use sample value in the past estimate next predicted value to input into sample, make the difference between actual sample value and predicted value always minimum. The amplitude of not every sampling point of quantized value of ADPCM record, is the amplitude difference of and the former sampling point amplitude of this point.

ADPCM makes use of high correlation and quantized rank adaptation between sample and sample to compress one kind of machine format undulate encoding techniques. ADPCM standard is a code switching system, it uses ADPCM to change technology 64kb/s A law or u law PCM (pulse code modulation) Mutual conversion between speed and 32kb/s speed. The simplified block diagram of ADPCM is shown as in Fig. 1.

The input signal of ADPCM coder-decoder is G.711 PCM code, the sampling rate is 8kHz, each code is indicated by 8, so its data rate is 64kb/s. And the output code of ADPCM is " The adaptation quantizer " Output,that this output not to be until 4 persons represent for differentiating signal, last 8kHz sampling rate of it, its data rate is 32kb/s, obtained 2 in this way: Data compaction of 1.

Overall structure of the circuit

Because of ADPCM algorithm, can divide the compiled code VLSI chip of the pronunciation into several pieces of module of encoding, decoding, storing, controlling and clock. The module of code realizes the data compaction function, convert PCM signal input to ADPCM yard; The memory module, under the function of the control module, ADPCM yard which is kept the resulting code; Decode the module and realize and decompress the function, change and get PCM yard ADPCM yard; The function of the control module is to control the coordination work of other module; The module of clock mainly realizes that carries on the frequency demultiplication to the primitive clock signal of Jingzhen of outside, in order to get the actual required clock signal of circuit system. The overall structure of the circuit is shown as in Fig. 2, among them En_en, En_de are the enabling signal encoded and decoded respectively, RST is a reset signal. It is " 1 " to act as WE When, RAM writes effectively, and it is " 0 " to act as WE When, it is effective to read RAM, CS is " 1 " When, RAM can be written or read.

(a) ADPCM Coder

(b)ADPCM demoder

Fig. 1 ADPCM simplified block diagram

Design process of the circuit

This literary grace carries on circuit design by Top-down method. Mainly design the procedure as follows: The RTL grade based on that Verilog HDL uses Active-HDL to carry on the circuit is described at first and function emulation; Will synthesize and adapt in Quartus II development system China the artificial accurate procedure of the function; And then the network list file ' . vo) Have the intersection of time delay and information mark file instead ' . sdo) Call in ModelSim SE, and join and select to carry on sequence emulation in the corresponding device storehouse of the device; Sequence emulation is through being back, " * getting Quartus II. sof" File download in FPGA going on, can't shed electric actual test through the intersection of JTAG and Configuration Mode, can also " *. pof" File download in FPGA going on, can shed electric actual test through the intersection of AS and Configuration Mode. The procedure of top level of the circuit system is as follows.

Whole structure chart of the circuit of Fig. 2

module ADPCM_TOP ( PCM_OUT,PCM_IN ,RECORD,PLAY,CLK, CLK8K) ; parameter ADDR_WIDTH =14; parameter PCM_WIDTH =8; input [PCM_WIDTH-1:0] PCM_IN ; wire [PCM_WIDTH-1:0] PCM_IN ; output [PCM_WIDTH-1:0] PCM_OUT ; wire [PCM_WIDTH-1:0] PCM_OUT ; input CLK, RECORD,PLAY; output CLK8K; wire [3:0] code_in,code_out; wire en_encoder,en_decoder,re_rst,pl_rst,WE,CS,CLK_8K; wire [ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] ADDRESS; assign CLK8K =CLK_8K; CLOCK_GE U0 (CLK,RECORD, CLK_8K) ; encoder_new U1 ( PCM_IN,re_rst ,en_encoder, CLK_8K ,code_in ) ; RAM U2 (ADDRESS,WE,CS,CLK_8K,code_in,code_out) ; decoder_new U3 (pl_rst, CLK_8K ,code_out ,en_decoder,PCM_OUT) ; controllogic U4 (CS,re_rst,pl_rst,en_encoder,en_decoder,WE,ADDRESS,RECORD,PLAY,CLK_8K) ; endmodule

Circuit design of the Sub-Module and emulation

The whole pronunciation compiled code VLSI chip includes code circuit, decoding circuit, storage circuit, controlling circuit and several parts of clock circuit. Describe the design of the key circuit specifically separately as follows. A code circuit code circuit implementation data compaction function, convert PCM signal input to homogeneous PCM yard, then with predicting the signal carries on the differentiating, the differentiating signal got passes " adaptation quantizer " Get ADPCM yard compressed encoding, ADPCM yard returned and " gone against the adaptation quantizer " And " adaptive predictor " Used for constructing the next prediction signal. The circuit simulation waveform of the code is shown as in Fig. 3, among them PCM_IN is the input signal of the Coder (PCM yard) ,For outcoming signal that receive under code CODE .

Code circuit simulation waveform of Fig. 3

2 decoding circuits

Decode circuit implementation, decompress function, " go against the intersection of adaptation and quantizer " the intersection of ADPCM and yard Get the quantized differentiating signal, quantized differentiating signal and predicted value add and get and reconstruct signals, then convert to PCM yard. Decode the circuit simulation waveform and is shown as in Fig. 4, among them CODE is the input signal of the demoder (ADPCM yard) ,Outcoming signal (PCM yard) got after PCM_OUT is in order to decode . In contrast to PCM_IN before the compiled code in Fig. 3, can find out and it is very little to decode the error.

3 other module

The controlling circuit controls the coordination work of other circuit module, can enable the memorizer write signal while encoding, can enable the intersection of code circuit and output data the intersection of write and memorizer in time; Can enable the readout signal of the memorizer while decoding, the code and decodes and can't go on at the same time ing. The clock circuit mainly realizes that carries on the frequency demultiplication to the primitive clock signal of Jingzhen of outside, in order to get the actual required clock signal of circuit system. The outside Jingzhen free-running frequency that this system adopts is 14.318MHz, can get 8kHz clock after passing the frequency demultiplication. The storage circuit, under the function of the controlling circuit, ADPCM yard (32kb/s) which is kept the resulting code ,Because only need the function of the proof circuit, has only presumed the recording storage space of 2s, namely 64kb memory capacity.

Whole circuit simulation

After Sub-Module circuit simulation is correct, carry on emulation to the system wholly, can get the waveform illustrated in Fig. 5. This artificial input signal PCM_IN encourages adopting Testbench to produce. In the enabling signal RECORD of the code is " 0" When, begin codes, RECORD jump transfer reaches " 1 " When, the code is shielded; PLAY is to decode the enabling signal at this moment" 0" ,Begin to decode, PLAY jump transfer reaches " 1 " When, decoding is shielded. Can find out the response of output PCM_OUT after encouragement and decoding of input signal PCM_IN before encoding basically accords with from the picture. Because ADPCM algorithm diminishes and compresses, can confirm the design of a circuit system is correct and reliable.

FPGA verifies and the conclusion

This text verifies the circuit designed on the basis of FPGA. Choose EP1C6Q240C8 device of Altera Company series Cyclone here, there is the memory capacity of 90kb, a logical unit 6k in its inside, 2 PLLs. Because the circuit adopts 8kHz sampling frequency, ADPCM yard after the code is 4, it is 2s to set for the time of recording, so need 64kb memory capacity; Meanwhile, it needs the logical unit of about 400 left and right sides to design. So choose this low-cost FPGA namely satisfiable designing requirement, and basically fully utilized internal resource. There are 240 pins of this chip, can satisfy the pin joint outside, and the price is easy to accept.

FPGA proves that shows: The clock of maximum of the circuit is delayed as 26.903ns, maximum operating frequency reachable 37.17MHz, can well reproduce the pronunciation input, have higher fidelity and very good real-time nature. Report in the electronic map, vehicle carried intelligence terminal pronunciation, public security alarm system, especially respects such as the walkie pronunciation recording device,etc. have higher using value. Meanwhile, pointed out the direction of the high-efficient design method of compressing of digital speech too.

Code circuit simulation waveform of Fig. 4

System simulation waveform of Fig. 5

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One kind is simplified reliable low-cost embedded Ethernet interface design

Summary: This text has introduced the software and hardware design method of interface of Communication of Ethernet based on new independent control chip CP2200. Keyword: CP2200; Ethernet; C8051F040; TCP/IP

The foreword is at present, the embedded designer is offering Ethernet for remote control or monitoring aid to connect fashionably, Ethernet controllers used are all specially for system design of the personal computer, for instance RTL8019, DM9008, CS8900A,etc.. These devices not only complicatedness of the interface circuit, volume are relatively large, but also more expensive. CP2200 is an independent Ethernet controller that Silabs is introduced, it accords with IEEE 802.3 agreement, support 10M Ethernet to insert, and only need little outside circuit to be wired the designing requirement of the embedded Ethernet interface of satisfiable overwhelming majority, make the design of interface of immersible type Ethernet simplified greatly, take the space of board to reduce greatly, the systematic development cost is reduced greatly. In addition, this Ethernet controller has 8 bit parallel main machine interfaces, can offer the Communication function of Ethernet for most microcontrollers or host processor. 8 the intersection of bit parallel and bus interface support Intel and the intersection of Motorola and the intersection of bus line and way, can use, multiplex non disjunction multiplex way addressing. These functions add TCP/IP protocol stack of the relevant processor, make the Ethernet interface of the embedded application system realized and extremely simple and easy.

The hardware circuit of the circuit design system of the hardware is shown in Fig. 1. The peripheral circuit of CP2200 is simpler.

The running side by side in the main machine interface of hardware circuit I/O parallel interface CP2200 of Fig. 1, support Motorola and Intel two kinds of bus line ways, and support the address data to multiplex and not multiplex in the way. Can realize the disposition to the host computer interface bus way by earthing or drawing the high level MUXEN and MOTEN pin. Ethernet voltage transformer should realize interface of Ethernet, Ethernet voltage transformer is vital. Receive the pin (RX + / RX-) in the differentiating Have, 1:1 pulse voltage transformer needing one to be used particularly in 10BASE-T operation. Distribute and send the pin (TX + / TX-) in difference Unless have, it need it connect on every one with center tap 1:2. 5 pulse voltage transformer. The voltage transformer should have the voltage above 2kV to isolate the characteristic, in order to prevent electrostatic interference. The sending end needs two 8W (precision is 1%)s Resistance and the electric capacities of one piece 560pF link with particular end, be needed linking with particular end one of 100W resistances receiving end. At the request of CP2200, what I adopted is the Model PRJ-010 voltage transformer of series PRJ. This voltage transformer integrated RJ-45 is connected, the transmissive reliability of high frequency signal of improvement while saving manily and is wired. Other circuit LINK and ACT pin outgoing levels come to drive LED, the active state of connected sum used for pointing out the network. All pins of the power must link with same outside 3.3V power. Similar, all reference should be connected to the identical touch-down point the outside. Each VDD should connect the ceramic bypass capacitor of one 0.1mF, this electric capacity, close to the pin as much as possible with VSS pin. Need to especially prove, it needs relatively high electric current to drive the line interface of twisted-pairs, so the data link of receiving and dispatching of Ethernet should be as short as possible, and the thread diameter is strengthened appropriately in order to reduce the resistance losses (in order to guarantee machine format reliable transmission, my PCB circuit board has been chosen the thread diameter of 20mil) .

The software design TCP/IP agreement is various in style, cross correlation is complicated each other, can not realize all agreements on the one-chip computer, so must cut out the protocol stack. Combined the concrete Communication requirement for the system, my system only kept TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, ARP agreement module finally. At the intersection of protocol stack and global design of procedure, consider single task of one-chip computer execution modes very difficult to give play to the intersection of TCP/ IP and characteristic of agreement, we have adopted the implement method based on that the incident drive TCP/IP protocol stack of the mechanism. The leading-in of this mechanism, make the system while guaranteeing to have an efficient assembler language to take the place of code efficiency, the real-time responsibility has got the improvement by a wide margin too. Will explain specifically the incident drives the characteristic of the mechanism and realization based on TCP/IP protocol stack of this mechanism as follows. After the incident drives mechanism's system initiation to finish, enter the incident loop body, inquiring whether there are incidents in event queues of C8051F040 constantly. Once event queue non-null, read the event flag word, judge incident type, and then the call corresponds to the incident and deals with the subroutine. After dealing with the subroutine and finishing, still return to the incident loop body. The event flag word is cut off and drives directly or indirectly, after a certain incident happens, only need it in the interrupt service routine the location of corresponding position of the status word. Cutting off and adding the incident in the event queue constantly, C8051F040 handler reads the event flag word from the event queue ceaselessly, handle the incident. The characteristic that the incident drives the mechanism is: *Because of in interrupt handler, carry out change the intersection of event flag and the intersection of word and such simple routine statement only, add the incident to event queue of C8051F040, return immediately. So close interrupted time very short systematically. Have strengthened the real-time nature of interrupt processing of system pair. *C8051F040 deals with or adds and further deals with the required incident in the event queue the corresponding incident according to the incident read at present. This has actually dealt with all tasks step by step, while carrying out this task of a step, also can carry out other task of a step. Like this. On condition that influence the main flow of program, have improved the systematic real-time nature. Brief procedure that the incident circulates

Legend: 1 =EVENT_ETH_ARRIVED; 2 =EVENT_TCP_RETRAN; 3 =EVENT_TCP_INACTIVITY; 4 =EVENT_ARP_RETRAN; 5 =EVENT_AGE_ARP_CACHE; 6 =EVENT_COME_NEWDATA; The brief procedure of the incident circulation process incident loop body of Fig. 2 is shown as in Fig. 2, among them meaning of every incident is: EVENT_ETH_ARRIVED: Ether network frame incident remained to deal with. Measure this incident, C8051F040 knows the call and reads CP2200 and accepts the buffer procedure, then deal with the bale breaking to the frame; EVENT_TCP_RETRAN: TCP retransmission incident. When TCP timer is exceeded, touch off this incident; EVENT_TCP_INACTIVITY: Do not shut off the link joint incident. As some connection has not received and dispatched the data for over 0.5 seconds, touch off this incident; EVENT_ARP_RETRAN: ARP asks for the retransmission incident of data packet. It is not corresponding to ask after sending out 0.5 seconds in a certain ARP, touch off this incident. Did not respond through retransmission two times, abandoned the data packet taking this IP as destination address; EVENT_AGE_ARP_CACHE: Upgrade ARP and buffer the incident. Touch off this incident once every 60 seconds; EVENT_COME_NEWDATA: There are new data incidents. When it is waited to send that there are new data, touch off this incident;

Many kinds of integrated function such as the intersection of CRC and check-up to conclude the speech CP2200, data filtering,etc. lighten the load of the one-chip computer effectively, it is flexible and convenient that the interface cell operation of receiving and dispatching within it stands up, have offered valid buffer for data packet of Ethernet. The chip has stable in-service behavior and interference-free antidetonation characteristic, I utilize CP2200, C8051F040 one-chip computer and TCP/IP protocol stack develop the interface plate card of Communication of Ethernet used for locomotive. This plate card has already run in testing the locomotive, in-service behavior is good, can carry on stable data transfer.

Bibliographical reference: 1. Silicon Laboratories Inc. CP2200 datasheet. http://www.silabs.com/2. Silicon Semiconductor Inc. c8051f040 datasheet. http://www.silabs.com/3. Special Edition Using TCP/IP, Ramadas Shanmugam, R.Padmini, S.Nivedita great the intersection of Joan and Li Jian Yin translate Electronic Industry Press 4. " TCP/IP is auspicious to solve Vol. 2 to realize " W.Richard Stevens http://www.china.pub.com/

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Take off the design of the screen timing consuming machine

With the technical constant development of IC card, the modernized management mode based on that the card card is employed has already been popularized day by day. Rely on one the intersection of campus and card can finish deposit, paying the fees, having dinner, shopping and having a bath,etc. pay by mails, serve often in the every large university at present, have raised the efficiency of management level and services of the school greatly. It is based on network mostly that a cartoon system in the campus consumes the subsystem, the networking consuming machine must be real-time to consume each one to record to send on the server of the consuming machine. Its advantage is that real-time nature is strong, support to consume to crowds more; The shortcoming is with high costs, is maintained and complicated, the system is huge not flexible enough, and consume the burden extremely apt to cause the server of the consuming machine of stage of peak, the congested phenomenon appears.

The traditional bathhouse of the university remains the management of the extensive type, take artificial sale of ticket as the core, time not exercising restraint in having a bath. Not only apt to cause the waste of the fuel of hydration like this, but also exist and can't understand the idle faucet quantity scheduling problem of the bathhouse in time, it causes and bathes the peak that extremely apt.

Campus all-purpose card single machine edition timing consuming machine developed by the current situation for the campus and bath in design herein. It breaks away from the function of account keeping of only consumption of network, all consumption data are stored in the consuming machine, can be compatible with existing key set consuming machine Communication protocol, the IC card form used with the consuming machine of key set is compatible. It has adopted the technology of radio-frequency induction, the holder only needs to pass in and out the door and brush the card once respectively, achievable eye to time consume, save, sell bath ticket and charge the intersection of bath and trouble of ticket, it is the ideal solutions of the public bathhouse of the university and water management of collective apartment.

Systematic summary of the consuming machine

Purpose that design originally to develop, take off the screen timing consuming machine while being based on I2C bus line while being taking one-chip computer as the core, can run independently on condition that break away from network and server, the function consumed that realize and time at the same time. The system is made up of control device, reader writer, EEPROM, IC card,etc.. The one-chip computer STC89C58 controls the overall system, concurrent implementation encloses initialisation and data transmission of the chip to the outside. Consider this system needs high-capacity data storage, has adopted 24C256 EEPROM memorizer that ATMEL Company produces here. PCF8563 is real time clock / calendar chip of low power consumption of PHILIPS Company production, last day, month and year function, when, minute or second,etc., time used for recording and gathering the data.

The system transmits the data bidirectionally between reader writer and IC card by half-duplex mode according to the operating frequency of 13.56MHz. Load and send outwards in the carrier signal with frequency of 13.56MHz by the aerial after the signal encoding that the reader writer will be sent, the IC card which enters the work region of reader writer receives this pulse signal. The radio frequency interface module in Carney's chip on one hand therefore the signal obtained mains voltage, reset signal, clock signal; On the other hand the relevant circuit in Carney's chip are modulated to this signal, decode, declassification, then pay judging in ordering asking, password and authority,etc.. If is a read command, the control logic circuit reads relevant information from the memorizer, through encrypting, code, modulate after nip by inner antenna for lasting reader writering; If is a write command of revising information, relevant control logic cause the internal charge pump to promote working voltage, offer and wipe the required high pressure while writing EEPROM; In order to rewrite the content in EEPROM; If judged its correspondent password does not accord with the authority, return to the error message.

Design of the circuit of the hardware

The hardware structured flowchart of the consuming machine is shown as in Fig. 1, the microcontroller STC89C58 is responsible for the control of the whole window machine. RC50 is MIFARE card reader writer module, under the circumstances that MCU controls, finishes the non-contact type many kinds of operation of reading and writing etc. of the card. PCF8563 is a real time clock / calendar chip of low power consumption, realize the timing function of the module of clock. EEPROM module used for keeping a large number of consumption records while consuming in the network disconnecting.

Consuming machine hardware structured flowchart of Fig. 1

Supply power from power module to it while operating every module, it is +5V to offer the voltage. EEPROM module and reader writer module do not need extra power when operating, but the clock module needs energy of extra Piower supply, it is lasting and correct in order to keep the clock. Every module carried on data interchange through I2C bus line, the most master advantage of I2C bus line is simplicity and significance. It, by two core interface of the simple two-way Communication in order to offer valid control between the integrated circuit. A circuit is used for transmitting the clock, another one uses transmit data. Through a piece of interface with buffer, the data can be sent or received by I2C. Control and status information are conveyed by shining upon the register in a set of memory.

Fig. 2 IC card reader writer hardware circuit

This text utilizes the mouth of common I/O (P1.7 and P1.6) of the one-chip computer Fictitious I2C bus interface comes, in order to there is a general interface while using the fictitious I2C bus, can design the fictitious I2C bus line software package under a master mode, provide and normalize the operation order. By discerning the chip address chooses to operate the chip while carrying on data transmission.

1 IC card reader writer part

The circuit of the reader writer of IC card is shown as in Fig. 2, because of adopting TYPE A reader writer chip MF RC500 of the high integration density of PHILIPS Company, the aerial driving circuit only needs few peripheral components, coverage reachable 10cm. Each power up or hard start, the chip will recover their parallel interface modes and measure the present MCU interface type, MF RC500 can can support a different one little control unit interface, one the intersection of automatic detection and logic of intelligence automatic the intersection of adaptive system and total collinear parallel interface, use the signal NCS to choose the chip. It must connect ALE pin to DVDD to use the independent address to connect with microcontroller of data total wired and. Originally design using address and data bus multiplexing to interface with microcontroller, so must connect ALE pin of MF RC500 to ALE signal of the microcontroller.

2 memorizer parts

The data demand power down of consumption of timing and storing in the consuming machine is not lost, for this reason choose 24C256 EEPROM of ATMEL Company. 24C256 is serial CMOS EEPROM of support I2C bus line data transmission agreement of one 256kb, programmable self-timed write cycle (including automatic erasing time is less than 10ms, typical time is 5ms) ,Its address allocation is shown in Table 1.

Data information load flow block diagram of Fig. 3

The design that the data of serial EEPROM read the correct or not and system software is closely linked. The system software should confirm the location of data transmission according to the circuit of the hardware; Set up the address pointer of data area, presume that reads, writes that controls the main program according to the working sequence of serial EEPROM. The main program is divided into two following parts.

1)Initialisation of data port

According to the characteristic of data access of serial EEPROM, set up the data and carry the oral operating mode, set up corresponding data indicator DPTR, for storing, fetching and setting up their own subroutines of address and data information, for storing, fetching and preparing of data information of the latter step.

2)Data information load / reading

As shown in Fig. 3, set up the entry address DPTP of the origin, then the serial EEPROM entry address service subroutine of the call at first, strobe EEPROM data area, start the read/write procedure transmit data.

3 timing module

The circuit of the module of timing is shown as in Fig. 4. PCF8563 is CMOS real time clock / calendar chip of low power consumption, it offers a programmable clock to export, one stop exporting and the power down detector, all addresses and data are transmitted seriallied through I2C bus interface. Give PCF8563 send into behind the initial the intersection of calendar and information, calendar in the PCF8563 know unattended operation right away. It is a chip of the real time clock because of PCF8563, still demand to supply power continuously while there is no external power source, one that is with holding time is accurate. So, this part of a circuit has also added the electric protection function, in the accient cut-off of the main power supply system, namely Vcc, until at the 0V, D1 end, 3.6V back up supply continue, give PCF8563 supply power through D2, guarantee normal operation its.

4 display module

It reveal consuming machine some including before last 8 LED nixie tube rear panel,be driven for 74LS164 all. Reveal what is adopted partly is ordinary serial static status display, are formed simulation I2C serial port by P1.6 and P1.7 of STC89C58, send the driving signal to the front and back display panel separately through P89LPC932.

5 data Communication parts

Each consuming machine is before coming into operation, can all carry on the cipher key of reader writer to the consuming machine, consume Plane No. and base time isoparameter to set up according to the actual conditions through the serial port. After setting up, succeeding in, the parameter is kept in EEPROM of the consuming machine.

Clock circuit of Fig. 4

Adopt RS232 serial Communication mode to carry on machine format conveyance in this design. Machine format collection is stored and finished by one-chip computer system, and machine format treatment is finished by PC, make up PC and one-chip computer the upper computer, distributed controlling part system of the lower-position unit. The next one-chip computer gets deeply to the scene, is responsible for gathering various data and combining the record as the front end processor, pass various data to the upper computer while needing.

Conclusion

This text is that a cartoon system took off the screen to propose the original version of modular division, to taking off the screen key set in a cartoon system, having directive significance according to the design of second-class consumption machine, can draw lessons from and consult.

This system has adopted the comparatively mature one-chip computer STC89C58 of application and development, other chips are main products on markets too, the price is more reasonable, so the sexual valence of the overall system is higher. In addition, this system also has the advantage of being following: Adopt the technology of radio-frequency induction, the high, confidentiality of reliability is high, fast and convenient and having long performance life; Adopt I2C bus line to simplify the hardware circuit structure; Adopt the method of the electronic wallet to realize that network the parallel running with the network disconnecting consuming machine; Adopt high-capacity EEPROM, have long-term hold function after power down; Have illegal card and function that calls the police of automatic recognition; Data acquisition is flexible.

Data communication, what this system adopted is RS232 serial port communication, today, it has already used extensively that the USB interface communicated, according to employing the need to increase the USB interface again, in order to raise the transmission rate greatly.

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FCC and ETSI requirements for ASK modulation / short distance UHF sender

Summary

To being used in the key to remote control (RKE) Home automation, the intersection of family and security system and control to have the intersection of license and sender Apparatus while being wireless while being other, FCC and European ETSI of U.S.A. have all stipulated the restriction value of its transmitted power level. The power limitation is required intending to launch and have no intention to these apparatuses or stray emission is applicable. Combine the power limitation value and follow the corresponding test procedure, in order to confirm whether the power radiation of the Apparatus accords with norms made. The test instrument is set up and the relation between the sender radiation characteristics, to the test result (pass or not up to standard) Exert a tremendous influence.

Note of this application has explained amplitude shift keying (ASK) Modulation table, phase noise of sender and impact on test result of the sender VCO transient frequency pulling of the signal.

ASK modulation table

Can understand the ASK modulation table like this, modulate a RF carrier signal with a periodic square wave signal, then carry on the gamma line " Revise " In order to explain the random property of the data flow.

First of all, regard cycle as 1010 that the data rate is 1 / T for the square wave signal of 2T ...Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) Data sequence, as shown in Fig. 1. The power spectrum of this rectangular wave is shown as in Fig. 2, among them zero frequency represents the carrier frequency, f0. At this moment, the carrier gamma line that f0 is normalized and in (1/2T) The gamma line of one time of frequency points of odd number makes up. Each table collinear power and signal carrier (zero frequency) The ratio of the collinear power of the table can be provided by the following formula:

;

Fig. 1. Cycle is a rectangular wave of 2T

Fig. 2. Cycle is a power spectrum of the rectangular wave of 2T

When ASK modulation signal is a real-life data, the machine format random property makes the spectral gamma line of power revise as the half cycle sine wave. Normalize it until the power spectrum density mathematical expression of the carrier frequency is:

The crest value of spectral density of each side lobe and proportion of spectral density of the carrier frequency are still tried to get by the formula 1.

It is that MAX1472 ASK sender adopt 4kHz rectangular wave (equivalent to the data rate of 8kbps) that Fig. 3 shows Frequency spectrum while modulating. We can see, every side lobe crest value lies in 4kHz (namely half of the data rate) Odd number time frequency point.

Fig. 3. Signal frequency spectrum when MAX1472 ASK sender adopts 4kHz square wave modulation {{Paging }

Please look out for ASK modulated signal carrier gamma line (or the lobe) Power and unmodulated (CW) Relation between the carrier power. This is very important, because FCC and ETSI norm is suitable for the relative power sometimes, is suitable for the absolute power sometimes. If the radiation steadily of the sender is (unmodulated) P0 tile power, then adopt ASK data flow whose duty ratio is 50% to modulate, the radiative total power will be reduced by half after modulating, get P0/2. Moreover, modulating will form the side band, so spectral main lobe (carrier) Only include the power of ASK half the modulated signals. So, while modulating the power of side lobe and comparing with CW power of the sender, the power ratio in the equality 1 should deduct 6dB (namely the ratio of CW power to power of valve of the spectrum of year after the ASK modulation) .

For example, a 315MHz sender of radiation 10mW unmodulated carrier power passes only radiation 5mW power after the ASK modulation. In this 5mW, there is only 2.5m

W exists in the carrier lobe, other 2.5mW disperses in every side lobe. So as data rate until at the 8kbps (see the formula 1) ,101st side lobe (the carrier frequency 404kHz of distance) Power:

It is obvious the intersection of side lobe and power not merely than the intersection of ASK and the intersection of carrier and the intersection of lobe and power little 44dB of modulated signal, and than the unmodulated CW carrier power small 50dB.

The intersection of FCC and the intersection of requirement for ASK sender and 15.231(c), FCC of transmitted bandwidth, The festival regulation, 0.25% that the transmitted bandwidth intended to send can't exceed center frequency, among them the transmitted bandwidth is decided by frequency point less than modulated carrier power 20dB in the radiation spectrum. 315MHz and 433.92MHz are that 260MHz to 470MHz does not have the two kinds of most frequently used frequency in license frequency band, correspond to with it, maximum allow bandwidth 787.5kHz separately '

[boncostick-blog]

Development integration of the car communication Telematics device

Summary: The car Telematics has served and combined communication, information, control and mechanical technology, in order to use the car people have offered melting in right time, position and individualized application service. Receiving the fixing one's eyes on extensively of information and Communication industry at present, and the owner invests the development that resources carry on products and market gradually. Keyword: Car; Telematics; GPS

The car Telematics has served and combined communication, information, control and mechanical technology, in order to use the car people have offered melting in right time, position and individualized application service. This, for auto industry, it is an extremely exciting new development; Auto industry will step out traditional selling and maintaining operation through Telematics service, do further contact with the customer, make more camp to accept. And for information and Communication industry, the office, family and personal information service have already been succeeded in expediting child delivery and developing gradually, the information service market on the car but it is still a virgin land waiting to be opened. Receiving the fixing one's eyes on extensively of information and Communication industry at present, and the owner invests the development that resources carry on products and market gradually.

Type Telematics services of Fig. 1 Telematics service are quite diversified, and can be said in the platform where all Communication service depended on on the car in Telematics device. These services probably include the following several fields: *Navigation; *Multimedia; *Vehicle information and diagnosing; *Wireless Communication and digital content; *Safe and saving the service from damage. In order to let us have a preliminary understanding on device of Telematics, it is a background of reading this article to regard as, do a simple introduction to two representative Telematics devices here.

Telematics that Fig. 2 OnStarOnStar is the global maximum serves, regards customer service center as and serves the foundation, the service of offering regards saving and the security from damage as the basic shaft. Get used to for the consumers that adapt to North America area, has adopted three buttons simplified very much to design. The device of OnStar also includes GPS's positioning, vehicle network, pronunciation identification and hold-free earphone mobile phone.

Fig. 3 OnStar device G-BOOK is a new Telematics service promoted by Japan Toyota car. Serve with OnStar such Telamatcis based on customer service center to compare, G-BOOK is based on Internet, services offered are more abundant, more similar i-Mode digital content service of taking action. So, it is the pluralism on the device even more. For example, installation of production line, distributor install and sell and obey various models such as the market. In the map stores, there is SD to navigate, DVD navigates and HDD navigates etc. and parts. In the Communication mode, there are built-in Communication modules, general mobile phone and blue tooth mobile phone,etc. part. In a word, such a device is that a kind of function is various, the cool Japanism products that dazzled of model. Telematics device is usually a kind of embedded system, develop the question that the embedded system must face, Telematics device must be faced too. Do not go to see the common technological project of those general embedded system here, but direct against the applied special consideration of vehicle, do elementary analysis.

The choice of the hardware platform is in PC industry, the choice of the operation platform, the choice of only processor and relevant reference design, it is quite definite; Do not probably just take off those several kinds of Intel or AMD. But the hardware of the embedded system needs in the face of different demands of all kinds. Accurate to select to surely accord with the customer and operation platform of the products demand. It is a quite important thing. Can use the intersection of QFD and the intersection of quality and function launch, or other various habitual appraisal analyze meter come, analyze following odd factor, look at different projects to increase and decrease every factor, determine the weight of every factor, must publish the desired result finally. The requirement for the vehicle specification vehicle specification is numerous, the most key one is certainly the temperature. Especially operating temperature. Though change to some extent depending on demands of different customers, the generally commonly used standard is from minus 40 degrees centigrade to 85 degrees. This pair of calorific power more high central processing unit, must be especially considered. The interface demand is undoubted, the interface demand is a very key factor too. May especially be required some especially a bit interface; For example: High-speed the intersection of image and interface, the intersection of CAN Bus and interface or even the intersection of MOST and interface. How the operation platform offers the interface, must carry on assessment in advance. The hardware that is operated embedded system of system support is developed and closely linked to software, whether the operation platform can support the desired operating system, certainly it is an important consideration too. It is different to follow Taiwan Windows CE or Linux with habitual industry, Telematics device commonly used operating system is QNX or Wind River,etc.. So what kind of operating system is wanted, be able to support the operation platform of this operating system to must choose, in order to raise the efficiency that resources are invested.

Fig. 4 G-BOOK

Fig. 5 G-BOOK device data source: One of the characteristics that is the car products of supplying and having long performance life http://response.jp long-term part. Not like IT industry, the new products are put out, the old products will be eliminated soon. The car products should consider the products from two to three are protected firmly, the products maintenance in ten years; If the part supplier has no idea to supply the part for a long time, make much trouble in the future for oneself at that time. The cost summarizes so much consideration, can calculate development and cost at stage of batch productino, see whether can be accepted. The reason why automobile industry still can keep making a profit, because has started the tight production cost to control and manage extraordinarily for a long time, accuracy some of cost estimation preferably at the beginning.

The power management of power management is another important technology in Telematics device. The storage battery of the car is larger in capacity, perhaps the so such as mobile phone or PDA one haggles over every penny, but the car will probably park and will not use for a long time, in order to guarantee the engine can still be started smoothly after parking for a long time, Telematics device must do appropriate design and planning in power management. (Fig. 6) It is an example that QNX offers, certainly, this must still match the appropriate software to realize, also the demand that must see the customer does appropriate revision.

Sound and Camera Singal that sound and image manage on the vehicle are numerous, in order to present a human-machine interface easy to use to the user, some Telematics devices must deal with these sound sources with the image source, and presume the mechanism controls and manages its switch of opportunities. For example, pour vehicle hour, need, switch to the intersection of roll back and the intersection of camera and image, either telephone switch to the intersection of hold-free earphone and mode,etc. voice and image at the incoming telegram. Until here might need, deal with several and integral image and the intersection of voice and source act as a tabulation, put in order.

Fig. 6 QNX power management example data source: www.qnx.com acoustical signal: *CPU AC97/I2S; *Mobile phone module PCM / simulation; *Microphone audio frequency of the mobile phone; *The intersection of CD and the intersection of changing defective pieces and the intersection of plane and simulation / figure; *Sound head machine of shadow or radio module PCM / simulation; *MPEG Decoder digital audio; *Audio frequency of 5.1 sound channel Decoder figures / simulation. Camera Singal: *CPU image exported; *MPEG decipher chip image exported; *CVBC image of the changing defective pieces machine of the CD is exported; *The camera image of roll back is exported; *The shadow sound head machine CVBS is exported; *OSD image.

The systematic operation framework is designed after the mechanisms of the operation platform, power management, image and sound management define that finish, need, do pieces of integration, and at the same time the car body signal, for instance trigger mechanism such as report controller, roll back, handbrake or small light are considered together, finish the intact systematic operation framework to design.

Fig. 7 supports oneself in legal location of boat and GPS fixed integration synoptic diagram data source: www.panasonic.com.tw

The pick device of pick device is an important and expensive n order system n on the vehicle. Perhaps the general GPS's positioning can meet PDA navigating machine's demands, but can't meet the demand that position automotive.

1DIN navigating machines in Japan Pionner of Fig. 8. Built-in automatic telescopic screen. Data source: There are several http://www3.pioneer.co.jp master reasons, first, GPS framing signal is positioning once per second; It is moreover a error probably among five to 20 meters; Three is in the urban area, tunnel full of high buildings and large mansions, all difficult to position in the mountain area or BLDG for GPS; Find the satellite signal and positions and finish taking several dozen seconds and depend on characteristic of GPS pick device finally. But automotive to position, require more smoothly, accurately often. Take navigation feature as examples, in a periodic second in the GPS's positioning, the vehicle moves distance of ten to 30 meters, add itself error of five to 20 meters, if the vehicle just passes through a bent angle at this time, the picture of navigating may be presented to one kind user and draw retracted the feeling of the correct position excessively first and then. Meanwhile, the customer may not be certain to tolerate in the urban area or unable to position in the tunnel on the products that the vehicle navigates, also may not be certain to like to accept GPS more long positioning time. Whether must rely on supporting oneself in the legal location of boat at this time, or is called a location method that inertia positions. This kind of location method is to use the pointing to of the built-in gyroscope detect locomotive of the system, in addition, is taken from the speed signal of the vehicle, come to calculate from position of car, direction advancing and mileage advancing.

9 devices of in-building type screen 2DIN G-BOOK device data sources on Camry of Fig.: www.toyota.co.jp the location method have many means too at detail that realize, signal close, quite some original skills exactly with GPS. These methods answer the scheme differently to habitual GPS, must often rely on the hardware and can be reached with the high integration of the software.

The device data source of Fig. 10 HONDA Internavi merging type: www.honda.co.jp

The mechanical constructive arrangement of mechanical constructive arrangement Telematics device is quite interesting too. Exclude portable homing device, several kinds under Telematics mechanical constructive arrangement of device can probably be divided into: DIN size DIN size is mainly divided into 1 DIN two kinds 2 DIN, 2 DIN model is apter to make into the integrated machine, that is to say the overall system is constructed and pretended to be one 2 DIN size box, it is easier to install, relatively received by car factory of now favourably. A few car factories will require 1.5 or 1.8 DIN. But quite rare. And no matter which DIN size aircraft type planted, each divided into two kinds in-building type screens or externally-connected screens. Person who merge, for cooperate with vehicle install unique style that design inside, though the intersection of device and constructive arrangement of itself 2DIN still in majority, but know the design of the control desk in integration in some appearances of new Telematics device. In other words, engaged in the intersection of Telematics and development of device, can't only contact device perhaps, also will be necessary to go to make other parts of vehicle to develop. Hidden such device may be installed in any place of the vehicle, the certain position depends on disposition which the car factory appoints. On it put carriage behind sometimes,it put sometimes in according to after on mirror, put at seat sometimes, will form the intact system by distributed constructive arrangement sometimes. OnStar beginning to be been introduced belongs to this formal Telematics device. In a word, the constructive arrangement of Telematics device is changeable, there is its special skill in every kind of constructive arrangement. For example, will pay special attention to the appearance plastic member to is heated and accepts the material deterioration after drying in the sun for a long time soon in constructive arrangement of the DIN form or merging type. Again for example, because 1 DIN is small, must usually shift out the host computer some parts or module; How to move to avoid the difficult and transmissive deterioration of signal installed. For example, how should the exquisite automatic telescopic screen give consideration to cost, compacts and endurance life again. Question these will cost equivalent time, money and manpower, could find out the most appropriate answer.

The vehicle environment corresponds to the specific environment of the vehicle and can be divided into five categories generally: *Electrical behavior; *Temperature; *Machinery; *Chemistry; *EMC (including regulation and customer's norm) . The test conditions of these specific environments also look at different customers, and different markets change to some extent, and none's standardized test specification. Generally speaking, it is lower to sell and obey the product specification that the market uses, and norms in OEM car factory are rigorous and many. Several important international organization standards can be regarded as and consulted, including SAE, JASO, ISO, IEC, ECE, EEC,etc.. But these standards are only for reference, final customer's acceptance standard (Customer Acceptance Criteria) Must act as the intact negotiation with the customer, define according to the customer's requirement. In these conditions, the most crucial one is the temperature (including accelerated ageing is verified, HALT) And electrical behavior norm. Although other partial verification can't say it is out of question, more notice while only designing, usually will take place, can influence the intersection of system and structural great concern.

The software development technology of software development Telematics device is actually close with the development technology of the embedded system too; Construction, writing of driver program, development and software quality test of utility program of all operating systems, there is high communicating. The consideration that it is safe compare because special place, the development of the human-machine interface must be very exquisite on Telematics device. A fine Telematics device human-machine interface must reduce the distractible intensity when using; Must let user operate if necessary, can let completion operation of user quickly, and what made the user very easy obtained and operated repaying with the eyes, ear and hand, and also let users not need operation method of memory. But the unity that will give consideration to the human-machine interface and appear in the picture on the style again at the same time. Certainly, are limit to the goods and develop various restrictions on, but these conditions may not be certain to fit the customer's requirement. For example, in order to ask the human-machine interface that the whole automobile is to all have a similar style, perhaps the customer will sacrifice on the specific product remarkable man-machine interface design is uncertain too. Though Telematics device quites some distinctive qualities to develop technology, before entering a technical field, must hold the important key principles of several pieces of project management first, propose correct guidance for technology and product development, could let the whole development item enter the commercialized stage for batch productino. These principles include: There must be sufficient product planning, the real demand for exploring the market. Only explore the customer and demand of the market carefully, make the products requirement according to the demand, and then the systematic framework of foundation of finding out a synthesis and considering, could reduce the product development risk, create the customer's long-term value. It is selected operation platform and operating system that careful otherwise, perhaps must often change the basic framework of the system, make the project group difficult to train the precise experience specially; Follow-up in products expand development have, may take place problem too. The worst situation is that the product development fails. In the automobile industry, product development fails representatives not only can not help the company to bring the camp to accept, may even procrastinate the listing time of style of the car factory, destroy car factory's intact marketing and camp and accept the plan, the consequence is quite severe. Large-scale carrying on the technological cooperation Telematics industry with the partner is that one kind steps the field, cross-cultural family property. How the intersection of integration and different language these, idea different, culture different group work together, it is really a challenge.

Can't follow the mechanical interface of the vehicle with the combination of the vehicle without holding and ignoring absolutely, what has been made the car getting cleverer really good to combine electronic interface and information interface Telematics device, it is unable to let user not enjoyed! " Happy use experience. Respect the steady and safe movements of automobile industry of qualitative requirement of the car are slow, the style is guarded. This is because the vehicle development cost is extremely high, the brand image is so important, add closely linked with personal security, so and must be very careful at being safe in quality. IT take risks much actively at the relative product. The practice of the so quick step, must do a adjustment on the automobile industry, reach a balance point that everybody can accept. A sincere one bring for customer long-term the intersection of value and the intersection of car and factory make a fortune resolutly. Telematics device is as the same. As soon as after all once the products went on the market, it was the life time of products during the following ten years that was faced. To the attention of the long-term partnership, it will be the key to obtaining the income. Actually the car has already entered the era of meagre profit to accord with the cost of market demand. The height of some truck factories or relevant enterprises of car makes a profit, a reason among them is controlling and managing accurately to cost. Telematics device no matter how exquisite the design is, how strong the function is, an appropriate cost, will offer more opportunities that the products succeed by a wide margin.

The Communication Telematics system automotive is a car electron in future to conclude the speech " >A great focal point of electronic industry's development of the car, its market potential is quite surprising, but to manufacturer wanted to throw into, focal points needed paying attention to are quite a few, from the choice of the hardware platform, respects such as power management, sound, image management, systematic operation framework design, pick device, mechanical constructive arrangement, vehicle environment corresponding to, software development,etc., a lot of technological obstacle and bottom sill on the market wait to break through, the more important thing is car and Hi-Tech industry culture differ widely, there must be practical cognition, see through constant Communication and cooperation, could overcome the obstacle one by one. (selected works this, " the the intersection of spare part and magazine ", author hold a post on the intersection of Taiwan and labour saving grinding the machinery of institute)

[boncostick-blog]

Accurate High speed Standard Extensive - -Measurement technique development trend of electronic test

Test measurement, can not seem to be angrily the basic trade of the fire as one, rebuke the surprised constant change like that less than a lot of scientific and technological trades, but is regarded as and nearly permeated through the large industry of each corner to say, it influences the paces of the whole human development in science and technology to a great extent that test measures the development of the industry. Even if Archimedes has used raising act the earth of levers, he is still unable to tell others terrestrial weight. science and technology changes life, rely on the advanced instrument, the modern can already measure all basic parameters of the earth easily. Especially with the development of information technology, precision engineering, test the innovative technology that measurement becomes our life of these changes, quality assurance of new material, new product, leave and test the metric guarantee, what we faced will be one crisis-ridden Hi-Tech world. With the improvement day by day of development level test system, products --More and more fast and volume more and more little employing coverage to be wider and wider, people's requirement for testing measurement technique and precision instrument is higher and higher, impel and test that new product, new technology and new method are appearing constantly to examine technology and ge. High precision, become, promote, test basic power to measure the technical development by demand of definition at a high speed and highly sensitively.

The Communication of wireless metric challenge has shortened the distances of the world, the digital wireless signal has occupied people's life gradually. What all details which know these high-speed signals clearly, become the difficult problem in front of all surveying instrument manufacturers. 3G and WLAN of the large-scale cloth network will be the technology that wireless fields are most valuable in the whole world soon, therefore the huge test scale and rigorous test that initiate require it is that the opportunity is the challenge too to the test instrument manufacturer. WiMax is technical and commercial to face a great deal of challenges, stability and reliability are the most important requirement, at the same time also must meet the intersection of wireless signal and fast, the intersection of frequency and high characteristic. High complexity and various new application required high quality and high bandwidth of CDMA technical systematic sum signal that 3G adopts, demand to test that must guarantee high precision and adapt to the high-speed data flow, must improve the intellectual intensity of the instrument in order that from various useful parameters of finding CDMA in the basic data, the software of the test instrument wants the convenient staging in order to support the canonial staging at the same time. Adopt traditional test instrument and method, general purpose tester expansion price too expensive in artificial device, the maintenance of The wireless base station is big problem too. 3G system testing overweights the performance test of the data traffic even more, network performance, multi-service run side by side and interconnection tests the focal point among the networks, how to break through the traditional pronunciation is that the master's way is a difficult point tested. For example, generally there are only 20 KPI parameters in the speech signal, and the data service of 3G will reach 200 KPI parameters. For directing against the data as The wireless technical test of the main fact, must guarantee transmission characteristic and degree of stability of The wireless periodic line, also need being to downloading the complexity that test at the same time. Meanwhile, The wireless network, as a bulky Communication system, the interoperability between the products of different enterprises is The wireless important content while testing too, because the designs of RF radio frequency chip set and module device are more complicated, so is unable to guarantee that can be mutually operated between the products even if it is the general standard.

The new technology expedited the emergence of the challenge put forward in lucrative wireless test of the new product gave and tested that measures the huge development driving force of the trade, employ on a large scale and ensure the test on the foundation to measure the trade and take the lead in meeting the challenge of the new one as the new technology, and influence testing the lateral most important factor of measurement is the function of the instrument. A great deal of new technical appearances guarantee the ge meets The wireless demand that tests. Digital radio frequency (RF) Signal complicated the intersection of modulation and information, change fast, jump by frequency indefinite sharp transient characteristic of disappearing etc. let tradition adopt the intersection of frequency sweep and analysis meter and the intersection of vector and analysis meter The metric method is at a loss as to what to do. How to catch the high-speed signal of 2.4GHz and find in real time the undesired signal in the multi-channel signal becomes the difficult problem that must be solved. For this reason, DPX digital fluorogenic wave after introducing DPO staging that was once applied to the ondoscope of Tyke Company forms the image processor technology, through revealing colors are different can distinguish the occurrence probability of different signals. For can per second to deal with 48000 frequency spectrum, DPX adopt signal that dedicated real-time hardware processing entered. Through making signal interval reach minimum, has offered the real-time RF signal view that was totally different from in the past to user. It has realized intercepting probability of 100% to the signal of the shortest 24 _s. DPX technology utilizes revealing the color with indicating the probability that the signal appears, therefore can find the software defines The wireless frequency instant that the radio produces in the switch frequence of the software is distorted; DPX can also separate and deal with the signal, helps to find the non-linear undesired signal, can check whether to contain the illegal signal in the signal in radio monitoring. Having adopted the brand-new frequency template to touch off in catching, the template can be defined according to the level and frequency, exceed and assign and touch off promptly in advance. In this way, can catch the signal outside the main signal through setting up different templates, and can guarantee the dwarf signal in the big signal touches off. Two technical combination frequency spectrum of improvement upgrade speed and information display ability greatly, transform a large number of the intersection of RF and data into view is clear to say the unusual signal. Can analyze at the same time time domain and frequency domain in several kinds of technical integration, the display function of multiple domain can test different land signals such as time domain, frequency domain at the same time and reveal the situation of each land separately, it is easy to look for the mistake or real-time analysis. The real-time spectrum analyzer based on these kinds of technology is not merely suitable for developing the field in wireless Communication and RF trade, control in The wireless and the radar has,etc. the field have extensive application. Academician Wu YouShou points out: "Digital fluorogenic technology may find the dwarf signal behind the big signal under of working of co-frequency, this digital Communication to us is very helpful. It needs real-time spectral analysis very much to move the digital television, especially test moves blind spot and break point which propagates the signal very valuable, can help the signal power that we position each one. Certainly, has not gathered and has not analyzed, if even better analytical capacity is unable to gather to the signal nonsensical. Such as the external triggering technology of frequency of Tyke, through the high-performance probe, can detect and measure the high-frequency low-powered signal easily, thus guarantee analytic reliability. The probe is a source of acquisition of signal, it is the analytic foundation of the signal too. The low and passive probe of the electric capacity of the active probe is tall in resistance, guarantee the reliability of the signal in order to try hard to reduce the impact on signal of the probe, must guarantee the probe has high impedance and low capacity. The subject company of strength has put out ZS serial active probes, the probe has increased the forward end amplifier, guarantee higher impedance, realize at the same time but high impedance and harsh requirement of low capacity when high-frequency, reduce the disturbing influence of the signal. The probe as the signal detect tool, not only need the characteristic to be outstanding, need to meet the needs of different occasions even more. Series ZS have increased the overall end / earthed the fittings, the forward end probe volume is very small, can use many kinds of earth lead associations, shorten the distance between earth lead and signal, let signal fidelity be better. Such unique design can test the signals of accurate environments such as IC leg, SMD component, BGAs and thorough fare,etc..

It is technical and commercial that the platform becomes the trend 3G and WiMax to face a great deal of challenges, stability and reliability are the most important requirement, at the same time also must meet the intersection of wireless signal and fast, the intersection of frequency and high characteristic, this proposes very high requirement to test instrument. Possess software development, digital circuit design and test only, the intersection of radio frequency and the intersection of test and protocol analysis,etc. and overall solution meet the intersection of 3G and whole demand of network. Imprison from network, aerial to air interface, from base station to backbone, change from interface to Residential Area to switch over, transmission mode is from TDM to ATM or broadband IP and gigabit Ethernet, this needs an intact test platform in order to guarantee the assessment of high-speed data interchange and many signalling identification system, and guarantee 3G, 2G and WLAN,etc. systematic seamless linking, thus guarantee Qos of the whole network. In the face of this kind of challenge, the single instrument can't already meet integration requirement that the network test, the platform products become the only route of problem solving. Angery Company has shown from researching and developing the overall test solution designed to device fabrication to 3G, include ADS (Advanced Design System) that is offered for researching and developing and is designed Cipher scheme; Test plan provided for digital basedand; Radio frequency test plan provided for module or apparatus; Systematic test plan that the complete machine provided for mobile phone and base station tests; Test plan provided for TD-SCDMA network signalling. For example, include to the main test item of WCDMA/HSPDA: The ability of end-to-end data connection, make users set up a IP communications link to adopt HSPDA, the application of the artificial final user is experienced on the test board; HSDPA data throughput monitor, makes the designer look over the real-time data rate through the communications link; Support CAT 6 (6 kinds) End-to-end the intersection of data and the intersection of connected sum and HSDPA decline the intersection of InterRAT and 2 - the intersection of box and data and the intersection of speech and switch over and idle and the intersection of data and selectivity again. This intact solution of Angery is still directed against the applied users of GSM/GPRS/EGPRS laboratory, have taken the lead in offering pair to convey the mode (DTM) And advanced characteristics such as a pair of emulation of Residential Area,etc., thus turn into the unique 3G function. Pairs of the intersection of Residential Area and emulation offer two independent Residential Areas for, move test equipment, go on, choose and switch over, thus guaranteed to switch over GSM/GPRS/EGPRS and the Cell selection carries on true test. It supports the speech to switch over, supports network starting and autonomous switchover during IP data connection too. While carrying out these data to switch over, IP flowrate be passed in the appropriate reroutin of Residential Area automatically, all context information is kept. In addition, it can also switch over DTM to call out, and keep the connected sum data connection of the speech at the same time. The pair of emulation of Residential Area can be realized and expanded from GSM, GPRS and EGPRS network to WCDMA and HSDPA. DTM can wrap up the data connection to test the concurrent speech connected sum under the true condition. For example, a AMR speech is called out (the compiled code rate is changing fast among them) Can go on with adopting EGPRS IP data connection of the incremental redundancy at the same time. When their runtime, may join the error code willfully, in order to convey a designer again to carry on Tx and Rx measurement by force, the agreement is exchanged and can be written down in real time. The ability of DTM also includes: Support many kinds of PDP context and EGPRS many time slots grades 33 (have complete throughput) ,And the support to multiple and auxiliary PDP context. R&S can offer the overall 3G business to test the solution too, the test platform can be based on CRTU or CMU200, support standards such as GSM/GPRS, WCDMA and cdma2000,etc., can carry on business test such as MMS, WAP, visual telephone, network browsing through, video flowing, and can carry on the radio frequency while the business test to test and the signalling is monitored, so that further analysis. What deserves to be mentioned is, in order to carry on rigorous authentication to the business support of the mobile phone, OMA(Open Mobile Alliance) The organization has already made some 3G business and tested the example, some of them have already been adopted by GCF or PTCRB, have become a part that the mobile phone authorizes. R&S has put out CRTU-ATE platform, can be based on the above-mentioned demand to offer the flexible solution for conformance testing of the business, and take the lead in supporting the conformance testing of MMS in the industry. It is not merely a wireless Communication field, the platform has already become developing direction that the whole test has measured the trade. For example, advocated measuring platform NI long ago and relied on LabVIEW software and PXI bus, dealt with the function and unique technology of acquisition of signal through strong PC, been insisting all the time the whole procedure from design process to production process integrates and tests systematic setting-up, its purpose is to set up a unitary production test platform. Test from industrial control to production flow and then to many kinds of data collection, LabVIEW is regarded as the basic advantage of NI, its key competitiveness is that one collects many multi-field in trade platform test.

Software function outstanding day by day to mention LabVIEW, have, discuss software in modern to test the important function in the measurement. The test instrument at present is not merely the competition of the hardware, more break-throughs and competitions are concentrated on renewal of the software. The software has been already playing a more and more important role in testing at modern times, nearly each advanced instrument that introduced newly matched higher memory and various embedded operating systems in 2006, in order to ensure the high-efficient operation of the software. For example DPX software of Tyke can find The wireless frequency instant of the software switch frequence of SDR is distorted, it is the key that the figure RF signal tests; Strength the intersection of department and WaveScan of Company search for, analyze group build support many kinds of scanning pattern, have senior to gather and analyze the function, can find the exception fast, and analyze the signal in an all-round way. We can say, draw support from software, the testing software has already become the focal point of testing development gradually. The integrated test system is an automatic platform, modularization is a development trend, the focal point lies in the setting up of the software platform, LabVIEW can be applied to the operating system of the whole platform, from testing to design and adopt a platform, LabVIEW lets customer's independent development driver module satisfy the demand. Already LabVIEW software in twenty-year developed into 8.20 editions, and already put out the simplified Chinese edition of LabVIEW8.20, facilitate the use of the Chinese engineer even more. There was greater improvement than before in the function of LabVIEW 8.20, not merely the graphic interface was more easy to operate, and can also realize engineer's independent development program module, direct against different module procedures between different application and development. In programming tool, have increased and used the object-oriented programming way to develop the extensible code, use the interface of automatic VI to establish the function to integrate.NET Web Service, use the interface of automatic DLL to turn into the function and re-utilize the outside code, transfer DLL and to use and recall (callback) dynamically Function. Developing the respect in user interface increases and uses 3D based on OpenGL to reveal the tool establishes advanced user interface, realize, move ahead simultaneously much customer control and measure function, improve employing through Web. Meanwhile, use new technological data management (TDM) Streaming VI realizes that one flows more fast, use FPGA guide to customize data acquisition equipment, convert the standard PC to a real-time system, add the touch pad into industry's system, use shared variable and light Communication and use MathScript of the mobile equipment to add the mathematical model of the text into your LabVIEW flow diagram. Especially follow PC and deal with technical newest progress, LabVIEW gets more full play rooms. CPU develop toward binuclear even polykaryon, let LabVIEW in multi-channel to walk abreast the intersection of SIGPROC signal processing and respect give play to great advantage (complicated signal concurrent in overwhelming majority) ,The polykaryon processor can improve collection and treatment characteristic of the fictitious instrument, it is introduced, pair is checked analysis handling capacity of the multi-channel signal has been improved by 100% than the single kernel, furthermore help many Apparatus multi-signal processing and analysis on single PC. Shut PXI bus line with high transmitting capacity, the fictitious instrument can be more easy to gather, transmit and deal with the complicated and changeable wireless signal. Not merely measure if you are only regards ge as the simple testing tool, you can not obviously catch up with the development trend of the ge, a lot of ges have already begun to act the role of the hardware developing instrument gradually. LabVIEW software platform relies on the graphic interface, can carry on the development of FPGA instead of VHDL. Users are through designing graphical programming in LabVIEW interface, then LabVIEW software converts the procedure to VHDL code load FPGA automatically. It adopts structure, LOOP and VHDL that LabVIEW develops to be totally the same, and graphical characteristic of LabVIEW can let, develop ocular and convenient. Especially to the development of parallel task, can realize multi-channel parallel control with the GUI of LabVIEW, but VHDL text has a very great difficulty. In this way, it only needs to grasp LabVIEW without and needing to study VHDL and realizing the development of many kinds of product functions skillfully to develop engineers, the focus developed changes since writer into how to realize the function association of every assembly too. This kind of method exactly mixes design and test process together with effectively, has raised the efficiency developed. Likewise, Tyke company puts out one's own new product to embedded system development too, in order to help engineer's tracking signal and analog simulation in the course of developing. Through directing against the serial optimization different from parallel transfer, it is easy to follow the trail of the noise, find that sets up and keeps the problem, solves the logic of bus line, catches the metastable state, and can choose different modes of transmission of bus line to carry on the emulation in advance, offer simulation expectancy for development process.

[boncostick-blog]

Use ISO9001 standard to set up RoHS management system in the factory

Summary: This text has introduced RoHS order that European Union releases briefly. And introduce and set up the method to accord with RoHS that European Union releases in the factory according to ISO90001 quality management system standard. Keyword: RoHS order, ISO9001 standard, in February of 2003 of ISO14001 standard, European Union parliament and European Union council announced formally with 2002/95 / Document No. EC: It should all accord with the hazardous and noxious substances of European Union and forbid the order to demand to enter the electric electronic products of European Union from July 1, 2006 (RestrictionofHazardousSubstances es, is abbreviated as RoHS) . Order this to limit to lead, mercury, cadmium, hexabasic chromium, many the intersection of bromide and biphenyl and many the intersection of bromide and ether content of biphenyl in the products mainly. Cause the response greatly in the whole world. European Union every member state transforms the order into one's own national regulation. Because of various countries actual conditions different, so national laws and regulations and administrative measure made there are differences. Ministry of Information Industry of our country issued content of " management of prevention and control of pollution of the electronic messaging products " in 2004 and similar to RoHS order too, and established " The standard work group of prevention and control of pollution of the electronic messaging products " . One that is with RoHS order inplementation date is approaching, export enterprise and upstream supplier of the domestic electronic Apparatus correspond to the paces and accelerate. But how can guarantee, it offers products of customer to be steady qualified product continuously conscientiously? To products, the content of the harmful substance is one of its mass properties. So can bring into ISO9000 quality management system and manage. Relying on the organization structure that has, supplier's system can compare the smooth completion re-set target. Following, discuss some personal superficial views. First, use ISO9001 standard to set up RoHS management system ' It is narrated according to ISO9001 standard clause order that following) Need to plan at first: Define organization and its duty and authority, confirm required resource and operation criterion, and monitor clearly, measure and analysis procedure. Can combine the existing quality management system and make the corresponding procedure according to the special requirement for ROHS, define every procedure. Including affirmation, Communication which the customer requires; Supplier management ( Includes the supplier's choice, control, guide) , material warehouse-in inspection ( Includes the choices of the method of inspection, frequency, test organization) , treatment,etc. keeping the control that is developed, unaccepted product in a storehouse, designing. 1,As to the management of the harmful chemistry, must define the duty and authority of every department, every post at first. Should cover all personnel correlated to management of the harmful chemistry of company. And should fully declare and pass through, in order to guarantee all relevant personnel understand, so that familiar with. This article is 5.5 clauses based on ISO9001 standard too, should guarantee to organize inner duty and authority regulation and communication. 2,To most staff, ROHS order is a new concept. Do not understand as to the content, requirement, homework attentive matters for this order. So is essential for relevant personnel to launch training. Especially to key post, such as technician, purchase personnel, storekeeper, IQC, PQC, OQC, producing the collinear class monitor and group leader, measuring Apparatus users. This article is 6.2 clauses based on ISO9001 standard too, all and personnel of the relevant post of quality should guarantee he has sufficient post ability. 3,, should evaluate the contract strictly at the request of clause of ISO9001 standard 7.2. Must define the requirement for the products at first, then appraise the correspondent ability (technology, qualitative control, operational capacities, material system,etc.) of this factory . If necessary, to the losses which the factory may cause after the contract evaluates that also needs to appraise this product to correspond to RoHS order, if handle etc. in the library material and Off-The-Shelfly. 4,If need to guarantee the products can meet RoHS order, should be from the source - control of material first. The same as other mass properties, the supplier must guarantee from the system that be able to offer the steady qualified products continuously too. So, not merely require the supplier and offer the qualified sample and need the supplier to set up intact system, realize proceeding control. So, most factories can do the following work: 1)Require the supplier to offer ICP measured data that the third party offered. There are many detection mechanisms that can launch this business at home at present, the more famously one is SGS, CTI, TUV, ITS,etc.. Fixed point detection mechanism that some enterprises have also appointed some several detection mechanisms as this enterprises and suppliers. 2)The supplier monitors live, check the system and guarantee ability. Involve RoHS order associated personnel's education, facility management of the apparatus, internal checkout system, supplier's management, material inspection, storage, state label,etc.. This article is 7.4 clauses based on ISO9001 standard too, " the organization should guarantee the products purchased accord with the specified purchase requirement " ," the organization should appraise and choose the supplier according to the ability that the requirement organized offers the products according to the supplier " 5,In order to prevent mixing the non- RoHS correspondent material in manufacture, guarantee the traceability of the products, go from warehouse-in inspection to the packaging of finished product, it is essential to all make the clear label. Israel is striking, easy to understand for the identification method. This article is a clause on 7.5.3 based on ISO9001 standard, when being appropriate, the organization should make suitable label to products and material, in order to discern products and products state. 6,At the request of ISO9001 standard 8.2.2 clause, after the system runs, the compliance, significance that should run to the system according to the interval planned are checked, likewise, should be carried out too in RoHS management system. In initial stage of the system runs, should increase and monitor the frequency appropriately, after it is steady to run in the system, can incorporate into the quality management system of the factory in the verification plan. 7,As to the products, material, should be according to the planning of the factory, the content to 6 kinds of harmful substances is monitored. If the measuring result is an unaccepted product, should start " the unaccepted product is controlled " immediately Procedure,in order to preventing from original anticipated use or application. If necessary, in conformity with the Communication customer. When the products can't meet customer's requirement regarding composition content of 6 kinds of harmful substances, often judged it is bad as being fatal. So, still need to start " correct the preventive measure " if necessary The procedure, investigates the reason to happen not up to standard, takes appropriate correcting the preventive measure, in order to achieve the goal of improving continuously. This article is based on ISO9001 canonial 8.2.4, 8.3, 8.5 clauses: Monitoring and measurement of the products, the unaccepted product is controlled, improve. 8,Also need to use other clauses in the standard in RoHS management, it uses general provisions to be the same as above-mentioned every clause, namely while holding canonial basic demand, the characteristic of real and RoHS order of needing to combine the factory. Second, RoHS order and ISO14001 Environment Management System standard. Difference: RoHS order is that the products require, according to the request of different customers, the standard controlled has differences. And ISO14000 standard has stipulated the requirements for Environment Management System, applicable and having organizations of the will, the standard not authorized product is required. Common characteristic: The two have environmental contamination in mind and reduce, save resources. Bibliographical reference: >" the national regulation translation that European Union every member state transforms WEEE and RoHS order is collected "

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Design and analysis of Bootloader in the tax control SoC of core of dragon

Summary: This text has introduced the tax control SoC of core of dragon " >The design process of Bootloader in SoC, has and analyzed about external interruption (IRQ) in Bootloader in detail Detailed course dealt with. Keyword: Bootstrap; Long Xin; SoC" >SoC; embedded system; uCOS-II

The preface Bootloader is a first passage software code operated in systematic power up. In the embedded system [2 ], the firmware procedure that does not usually have like BIOS, so the loading activate task of the overall system is totally finished by Bootloader. Bootloader is a middleware software between bottom layer hardware and upper strata application software. It establishes some required information of kernel and transmits the information to the kernel through the relevant mechanism, thus take the soft hardware environment of the system to an appropriate state. Offer and basically input, output the function of the system monitor at the same time, it can have such debugging effects as suring. With development and now technological progress of large scale integrated circuit, block pay system SoC " >SoC becomes the chip design shape of the mainstream gradually. The tax control SoC of core of dragon " >SoC system software chassis includes the following several main part: Tool chain, simulation debug environment, artificial environment, Bootloader operating system and utility program. This text has introduced the tax control SoC of core of dragon " >Design of Bootloader in SoC software.

The development environment Godson-1 processor Godson-1 is a microprocessor to give consideration to common and embedded application demand developed by Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, it is the first common microprocessor that our country researches and develops independently. The core of dragon realizes 32 bit patterns of MIPS III command system on the first, supports 4GB memory addressing, the work of primary frequency is in 200MHz-266MHz, the buffer memory of 16KB within the chip, use PQFP packaging technique. At present, network computer and a series of solution that the design company of integrated circuit of Long Xin of Beijing introduces are based on this processor. It is small and exquisite that uCOS-IIuCOS-II one discloses source code, structure free, can deprive the real-time inner nuclear real-time operating system. UCOS-II predecessor is uCOS, designed for embedded application of the computer specially, most codes are written with language C. User have canonial C of ANSI cross compiler, have software tools such as collecting devices, interface unit,etc. only, can inlay uCOS-II in the products that it is developed that people get. UCOS-II carries out such characteristics as the space usage is small, the real-time and of good performance and expansibility is strong with high efficiency, the minimum kernel can be compiled to 2KB. UCOS-II has already been transplanted to nearly all famous CPU. But because uCOS-II good expansibility and source code opening, these non- necessary functions can well be realized respectively depending upon need by users. UCOS-II goal is to realize the kernel when seizing type of deployment of priority is real of a group, and offer the most fundamental service of the system above this kernel, such as semaphore, postbox, message queuing, memory manage, cut off management etc.. At present, uCOS-II has already been applied to the camera, medical equipment, stereo set by the extensive one, in products such as engine control, the telephone system of the expressway, the cashomat,etc.. The embedded platform can seldom provide the intact tool chain for developer, the design work of most software is finished on other constellation host computers device, the commonly used tool chain is the compiling tools correlated to gcc. Bootloader that I develop is compiling tools and compiling and debugging of application gcc. Modes of operation most Bootloader of design analysis Bootloader of Bootloader include two kinds of different modes of operation: (1)Start and load (Boot loading) Mode: Also called " Act on one's own " Mode. Namely load the operating system in RAM and operate on Bootloader storage equipment of a certain solid condition from the target machine, the whole course does not have users' involvement. (2)Download (Downloading) Mode: Under this kind of mode, Bootloader on the target machine will download kernel map and root filing system map etc. from the host computer through Communication means such as the serial port or network link,etc.. Then keep it to that on the target machine in FLASH solid condition storage equipment. This kind of mode of Bootloader is usually used when the system installs for the first time and upgrades, Bootloader working under this kind of mode will provide a simple order line interface for its terminal user usually. We support these two kinds of work patterns at the same time in our Bootloader design, the method to adopt is: In normal start while starting at the beginning to load the mode, but does not start and enter uCOS-II kernel immediately. But point out and delay time for 5 seconds, if pushes a certain particular key set while waiting for the terminal user, switch to and download the mode, otherwise continue starting uCOS-II kernel. The start of Bootloader and tax control SoC of core of initialized dragon " >The hardware module of SoC is the configurated. Bootloader is divided into stage 1 and the stage2 two majority. Depend on the structural code of CPU system, usually all put in stage1, and in this part, we carry on programming to processor kernel and hardware control directly, this part is realized through the way that MIPS collect. But stage2 realizes with language C, so can realize more complicated function, and the code will have better readability and portability. Stage of Bootloader this part of codes must finish some fundamental hardware initialisation at first, it is the execution of stage2 and execution of subsequent kernel that get some fundamental hardware environment ready. The content of stage1 of Bootloader includes: Define people click the procedure; Set up the unusual vector table; Initialized storage system (including mapping again in address) ; There are ports of the special requirement, the Apparatus in initialisation; Execution environment of the initialized user program; Initialisation piles the stack pointer register, change the processor mode if necessary; Set up FIQ/IRQ interrupt handler population; Enter C procedure. Needn't be responded to and cut off in the initialization procedure of the whole Bootloader, so forbid systematic break at first, then the procedure sets up speed and clock rate of CPU, sets up CPU built-in instruction data cache, DRAM initialisation, can copy the code in ROM in DRAM after finishing in DRAM initialisation, then the memory is shone upon again, the procedure begins to enter and carry out in DRAM, then initialize a little more user's ports, apparatuses with the special requirement, such as LCD or serial port,etc., through lighting LCD, or print some debugging information to the serial port, make mistakes normally in a state of indicating to be systematic in this. Then plan to enter language C code: Section RW/RO to copy Bootloader get corresponding the intersection of operation and position, initialized section zI, the intersection of initialisation and systematic heap, set up FIQ/IRQ interrupt handler population, setting up and finishing can enter C code. Stage2 of Bootloader is in order to let the procedure jump people language C's " start_bios " Function. It point to pc indicator " start_bios " we directly for Function method, realize codes as follows: laa0, start_bios # points to pc indicator in the entry to the function, then skip jra0nop can begin the initialized task of stage2 of this stage after entering start_bios function, this includes: (1)At least one serial port of initialisation, so that and the terminal user carries on mutually; (2)Initialized time-recorder, delay time and point out and start the modal choice, if enter and start and load the mode, systematic control power is assigned uCOS-II operating system, Bootloader task is finished, otherwise the procedure continues carrying out downward; (3)Initialized network, including network essential information is disposed etc.; (5)Other peripheral hardware which the initialized system allocates; (6)Initialized Flash: Find whether to support this Flash chip (can be realized by way of comparing Flash ID) ; (7)Initialisation is cut off, including shielding and cutting off, remove and stop hanging the sign, initialisation cuts off the vector table, register required break manipulation function,etc.; (8)Initialized order Console, wait for user's key people command. After the initialisation of Apparatus is finished, can output some and print information through the serial port, such as procedure name character string, version number,etc.. The start-up course [3 ] of Bootloader is shown as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Bootloader start-up course

The critical technology - unusual and core 1 of interrupt processing dragon supports 32 kinds of exceptional modes, and the department cuts off the mode (IRQ) particularly among them It is comparatively extensive to employ, its unusual processing procedure is comparatively complicated too. Will take IRQ exception handing as examples under this text, explain a general break use and processing procedure. The general break processing procedure of Godson-1 processor can roughly be divided into the following 3 steps: (1)Unusually respond to: Obtain exception handler addresses of people, and enter the exception handler; (2)Scene protection and recovery: Namely enter interrupt service routines of people (ISR) Cut off Living protection and recovery from beginning to end; (3)Interrupt servicing: Calculate the intersection of interrupt source and call number, clear to cut off, then enter interrupt servicing. The relevant codes of IRQ exception handing are as follows in this example: do_IRQ() : sub sp, sp, #4 ; It reserve # last not lasting addressing sb a0 of PC one piece space of word,(sp) ; The # is kept a0 register la a0 used in following interrupt processing, ExceptHandler; The # will read in a0la a0 if the # will keep the address with unusual manipulation function people, (a0) ; The # reads in unusual manipulation function people a0sw a0, 4 (sp) ; # deposit people unusual the intersection of manipulation function and population #, jar a0 of space, that reserve just now jump into unusual manipulation function great in # in SAVE_ALL in the heap, used for keeping the exception on-the-spot CLI # to close the entry to interrupt response: mfc0 t0, interrupt vector mfc0 t1 that CP0_CAUSE # should be dealt with, CP0_STATUS # get the intersection of break and and t0 that is activate, t1 # separate acceptable the intersection of break and andi t0, 0xff00 # obtain, break down No. beqz t0, 3f # is judged the outside produces the burst and cuts off andi a0, t0, CAUSEF_IP7beq a0, zero, 1fmove a0, spjal ite_timer_interrupt the intersection of # and processing time it cuts off RET_FROM_IRQ to be great in #, stop, recycle 1 back to: andi a0, t0, CAUSEF_IP2 # this platform of north bridges only support an interrupt source beq a0, zero, 3f move a0, sp jal it8172_hw0_irqdispatch # jumps into the north bridge interrupt handler CLI RET_FROM_IRQ 3: Move a0, spjal mips_spurious_interrupt # handles the burst and cuts off nopRET_FROM_IRQ # and stops returning to the interrupt handler of north bridge: void it8172_hw0_irqdispatch(struct pt_regs *regs) if (intstatus & 0x4) {/*PCI break down * / else if (intstatus & 0x1) {/*Terminal station of internal bus */}Else if(intstatus & 0x2) {/*LPC bus line cut off */}Irq+ =IT8172_LPC_IRQ_BASE; /*Calculate and cut off the number * / do_IRQ (irq, regs) ; /*North bridge interrupt processing * / Can be obtained from the code above, the execution procedure of the procedure is after receiving IRQ interrupt request: (1)Read Cause and Status register of CPU CP0 coprocessor, jump into the correspondent interrupt handler; (2)Calculate the brass-wind instrument of interrupt vector from external interruption; (3)Enter interrupt processing do_IRQ ') (4)By do_IRQ ') Enter the interrupt service routine finally, RET_FROM_IRQ returns after finishing the interrupt processing task.

Bootloader is linked to concrete hardware environment and operating system closely to conclude the speech, write Bootloader code to a certain CPU chip, should find out about inner nuclear structure, command system of this CPU first, secondly it is the resources on the structure of the concrete chip and various sheets, and operating systems adopted. Bootloader code that this text provided has been already in the tax control SoC of core of dragon " >SoC is middle and upper to run and test is passed. This Bootloader can lead and upgrade uCOS-II kernel normally, the system runs steadily, has totally realized the purpose of design, have met requirements for designed of the embedded system.

Bibliographical reference: 1. Ins of Computing Technology,Academia Sinica CPU develops the group, Godson-1 microprocessor user manual (edition 1.0) ,2002.9.102. Zhan Rong opens: embedded system Bootloader technological inside story 3. ZhengAiLing, ZhangHongFeng, SunHeKun: The kernel of the embedded system loads the course to simply analyse, micromachine and application, 200l, (I1) ,59- 60