Kaʿba-ye Zartosht, Marvdasht, Iran, first half of the sixth century BCE.
The Kaʿba-ye Zartosht (Persian: کعبه زرتشت, “Cube of Zarathustra”) is a stepped, rectangular stone structure at the Naqsh-e Rustam archaeological complex near Zangiabad village in Marvdasht County, Fars Province. The site also contains Elamite, Achaemenid, and Sasanian monuments, and the Kaʿba-ye Zartosht is among several edifices known as “Kaʿbas.” Built in the Achaemenid period, its original name is unknown. In the Sasanian era it was called Bon-Khanak, while the local name was Naggarekhaneh (“house of keeping”). The modern designation “Kaʿba-ye Zartosht” dates to the 14th century and remains in use.
The monument’s original purpose is debated. Some scholars view it as a fire temple for housing and venerating the sacred flame; others see it as a mausoleum for an Achaemenid ruler or noble, citing its similarity to the Tomb of Cyrus and Lycian and Carian burial monuments. Another theory holds that it was intended as a repository for royal archives or sacred texts, though its small interior challenges this idea. Less widely accepted suggestions identify it as a temple to Anahita or as a solar calendar.
In the Sasanian period, inscriptions were added in Middle Persian (Sasanian), Middle Persian (Arsacid), and Greek to its northern, southern, and eastern faces. These include texts by Shapur I and the high priest Kartir; Walter Henning described them as “the most important historical documents from the Sasanian era.” The Kaʿba-ye Zartosht is admired for its balanced proportions, clean lines, and refined stonework.
Today, it forms part of Naqsh-e Rustam and is maintained by Iran’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization.