Note : I am not a teacher, if there are any small mistakes in my wording please let me know so I can correct it!
Organs of the Respiratory System
Gaseous Exchange and Breathing
Organs of the Respiratory System
Take in air. Filter the air with tiny hairs.
A tube that carries air into a lung.
Small tubules from a bronchus to carry air within a lung.
Air sacks for gaseous exchange.
Cause the chest to expand and contract.
Cause the volume of the chest to increase and decrease.
A Filters ands moistens the air before it reaches the alveoli in the lungs.
Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles :
They are a system of tubes that work together to bring air down to the lungs and up from the lungs.
Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm :
They contract at the same time to draw air into the lungs.
They relax at the same time to push air out of the lungs.
The heart beats blood through the pulmonary* artery to the lungs
Pulmonary means ‘something to do with the lungs’.
This artery divides into the capillaries that surround the alveoli in the lungs.
The capillaries that surround the alveoli in the lungs join up to form the pulmonary vein, which carries blood from the lungs back to the heart.
The trachea and the oesophagus are very close together going through going through the the chest.
Both tubes meet in the throat area called the pharynx.
When a person coughs up substances such as phlegm from the bronchi or trachea, it is usually sent down the oesophagus to get rid of it from the respiratory organs.
Acid produced by the stomach will help kill bacteria that may be in the phlegm.
A flap of tissue called the epiglottis that covers the entrance to the trachea when a person swallows. This prevents food from 'going down the wrong way'.
Gaseous Exchange and Breathing
There are approximately 300 million alveoli in each lung.
They have very thin walls and are surrounded by extremely thin-walled capillaries.
The oxygen in the alveoli moves through their walls and through the walls of the capillaries into the blood.
The carbon dioxide in the blood of the capillaries moves through the walls of the alveoli into the inside of the alveoli.
Intercostal muscles contract. This causes the ribs to move up and out.
Diaphragm contracts. This causes it to move down.
The volume of the thorax (ribcage) now increases.
This causes the pressure on the lungs to decrease.
Intercostal muscles relax. This causes the ribs to move down and in.
Diaphragm relaxes. This causes it to arch up.
The volume of the thorax now decreases.
This causes the pressure on the lungs to increase.
Breaths Per Minute (BPM) :
When a person exercises, the respiration rate increases in the muscles of the body.
This causes higher increased levels of carbon dioxide to be produced. High levels of carbon dioxide are poisonous to the body.
Therefore, breathing rate is increased to get rid of the increased carbon dioxide faster.
Respiration is the release of energy from food.
Cellular respiration is respiration that takes place in cells.
External respiration is the name given to the way organisms take in oxygen for respiration and get rid of carbon dioxide and water vapour, which are waste products.
Energy is he ability to do work.
Work is done when a body is moving.
Keeps atoms of molecules held together.
Energy in petrol is released to make cars move.
Energy released in living bodies to keep them warm and moving comes from food - mainly glucose.
Respiration that uses oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
Takes place mostly in the mitochondria.
Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ = Energy + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Respiration that doesn’t use oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Glucose -> Energy + Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Occurs in yeasts - forms alcohol, the process is called fermentation.
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic Acid
Occurs in animals - forms lactic acid in muscles, is what causes cramps during exercise.
Respiration takes place in living cells.
Respiration is both a chemical and and biological process, therefore, it’s a biochemical process.
All living things respire.
Factors Affecting Respiration :
How does temperature affect respiration?
All biochemical processes are controlled by enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that work best at a certain temperature, those in a human body work best at 37°C.
Enzymes cannot function when frozen.
Enzymes are destroyed at high temperatures.
Book used? Folens - Essential Science
